FULL Vet Vocab

Pathology

the study of how and why disease occurs, i.e. study of how normal existing physiologic processes have gone awry; provides the scientific foundation for the practice of medicine by studying the etiology and pathogenesis of disease at all levels.

Signalment

species, breed, age, and sex of patient; example of importance - breed may provide insight into a possible breed-related diagnosis

Clinical History

the relevant background information required to put the presenting complaint into perspective for further diagnostic investigation (e.g. see example pathology report)

Lesion

an abnormal structural or functional change occurring at the molecular, cellular, tissue or whole-body levels

Necropsy

synonymous with Post-Mortem Exam or Autopsy and involves systematic gross examination of all body systems to identify and document lesions in establishing a diagnosis(es)

Gross Pathology

the study of lesions observable at the macroscopic level with the unaided eye

Surgical Pathology

the removal (excision) of a lesion or tissue sample from a living patient (BIOPSY) for microscopic examination to arrive at a diagnosis

Histopathology

the study of lesions observable at the microscopic level

Clinical Pathology

hematology and serum biochemistry laboratory analyses; fluid accumulation analysis; cytology

Differential Diagnosis

a group of the most likely possible diagnoses (several or more) to account for the lesions observed, ONE (usually) of which will be determined to be correct after further study

Definitive (final) Diagnosis

naming the specific disease entity responsible for the lesions observed, e.g. cryptosporidiosis

*Pathogenesis

the series of pathophysiologic events/mechanisms that when linked together chronologically from initiation through final development explain how a lesion develops

Prognosis

commentary on the likely future course and outcome of a disease, e.g. poor, guarded, good

Comments

a summary of key findings, their relationships and interpretation

Moral Sustainability

The idea that sustainability can never make everyone 100% happy as people have different idea of what is moral or just.

Sustainability

Supports ecological, human, and economical health and vitality

Ranching

Grazing livestock on rangelands not suitable for cultivation; forests, shrubs, desert.

Defoliaton

influences growth and photosynthetic capacity of plants. fire, machinery and Herbivores like cattle keep the ecosystem plants in balance, but you cant over or under graze.

50% defoliation use

roots do not stop growing and plant has not been damaged

70% defoliation use

50% of the roots stop growing for 17 days

90% defoliation use

100% of the roots stop growing for 17 days, plant most likely dies

Synergistic Relationship

a relationship between two companies who are committed to work together in a way that the result is greater than the sum of the individual parts.

Natural Selection and Human Domestication

• early mountaineers domesticated drivable species like cattle

• Plains droves species like cats and pigs into villages at night

Classifcation

System of placing life forms in order

Taxonomy

Science of classifying organisms into categories

Linnaeus' binomial nomenclature

Naming and classifying organisms. Each organism has two names: genus and specific epithet.

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Genus

A group of similar species (capitalized,italics)

Species

Classified into higher taxonomic levels based on evolutionary relationships called Kingdoms (not capitalized)

Phylum: Chordata

• all humans and domestic animals

• possess a notocord (spinal cord) and gill slits

• Bilaterally Symmetical

• Segmented body

• closed blood system -Heart below pharynx

Notochord

dorsal hollow neural tube that runs through a chordate's body just below the nerve cord - Spinal Cord

bilateral symmetry

the property of being divisible into symmetrical halves on either side of a unique plane.

segmented body

membranes to separate segments of the body

closed blood system

Blood circles in a continous system of tubes. blood is pumped at high pressure by a heart and has a very rapid flow rate, blood is never in direct contact with the tissues.

Pharynx

throat - the membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the esophagus.

Class: Aves

small birds - group of vertebrates that have wings, feathers, hollow bones and other adaptations for flight (closer to reptiles than humans)

Class Mamalia

• hair and mammary glands

• young developed in uterus and born alive

• greatly enlarged forebrain

• metanephron kidneys

• diaphram

• 4 chambered heart

• homeothermic

Homeothermic

Warm-blooded; the ability to maintain one's own body temperature.

Diaphram

Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing and divides thoracic and abdominal cavity

Metanephron kidney

a highly complex organ that:

• filters waste products from the circulation,

• maintains electrolyte and pH balance of body fluid,

• bone mineralization,

• blood pressure

• blood composition.

domestication of animals

the taming of animals and plants for human use, such as work or as food

• Horse -> meat -> transprt/war

• Cattle -> food

• Dogs -> protection

Wild Animals

born in their natural habitat without human interference ex.

Feral Animals

started as domesticated then released into wild by humans ex. boars in south

Bos Taurus

Cattle of European origin; includes common breeds, such as Hereford and Angus.

Bos Indicus

Humped cattle found in tropical climate - long ears + hump on shoulders

Bovine

cows or cattle

Veal Calf

A bovine 0-3 months of age

Slaughter Calf

A bovine 3-9 months

Bull

intact male bovine

Stag (bonvine)

male bovine castrated after maturity - after they develop body/muscles/characteristics - used to have good temperament but can pull wagons

Bullock

An intact male bovine 24 months or younger

Steer

castrated male bovine before maturity - to gain fat not muscle; usually for slaughter

Cow

A female bovine that has produced 2+ calves

Heiferette

A female bovine that has produced 1 calf

Heifer

A female bovine that had no calves

Spay Heifer

An overectomized (without ovaries/) heifer

poultry

domestic fowl, such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese.

Rooster

An intact Male chicken

Capon

A Castrated male chicken

Hen (chicken)

A female chicken producing eggs or female

Pullet

an immature female chicken

Broiler

male/female chicken raised to be eaten

Tom

Male turkey

Hen (turkey)

Female Turkery

Poult

A young turkey less than 10 weeks of age

Porcine

pig

Barrow

Castrated male porcine

Gilt

female porcine that's had no piglets

Sow

Female porcine that's had piglets

Boar

Intact male porcine

Stag (porcine)

Male porcine castrated after development

Weaner

young weaning porcine

Depredation

plundering; destruction

Ovine

sheep

Ram

Intact male ovine

Wether (ovine)

castrated male ovine

Ewe Lamb

Young female ovine w/ no young

Yearling

12-24 months of age

Ewe

female ovine w/ young

Caprine

goat

Kid

Baby Caprine

Wether (Caprine)

Castrated caprine

Doe

Female ovline w/ 1+ kids

Buck

Intact Caprine Male

Stud (horse)

Intact male horse

Ridgeling

cryptorchid male horse; one testicle or neither testicle drops also called rig or high flanker

Proud Cut

A male horse that had some of the epididymis of the testicle left - not fully castrated

Gelding

castrated male horse

mare

female horse over 3 years of age

filly

Female horse under 3 years of age

colt

Male horse under 3 years of age

Ruminants

An animal, such as a cow or sheep, with an elaborate, multicompartmentalized (4 chamber) stomach specialized for an herbivorous diet.

biomedical research

broad area of science that looks for ways to prevent and treat diseases that cause illness and death in people and in animals

Comparative species

species used to discover more about ourselves and other species ex. digestive systems comparative species rabbit -> horse -> elephant

AWA

Animal Welfare Act

USDA

United States Department of Agriculture

IACUC

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee

UAC

University Animal Care

AAALAC

Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care

3 processes of digestion

physical/mechanical, chemical, enzymatic

physical/mechanical digestion

begins with chewing of food in the mouth and continues with churning and mixing of food in the stomach

Peristalsis

Involuntary waves of muscle contraction in the esopigus and intestines that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system.