chem

Philosophers

Believed matter was infinitely divisible

Democritus

Created the ideas of "Atomos"

Democritus, true (1st idea)

Matter is composed of empty space through which atoms move. Whose ideas and is it true

Democritus, partly true (2nd idea)

Atoms are solid, homogenous, indestructible, and indivisible. Whose idea and is it true?

Democritus, true (3rd idea)

Different kinds of atoms have different sizes and shapes. Whose idea and is it true?

Democritus, true (4th idea)

Different kinds of atoms have different sizes and shapes. Whose idea and is it true?

Democritus, true (5th idea)

Apparent changes in matter result from changes in the groupings of atoms and not from changes in the atoms themselves. Whose idea and is it true?

Aristotle

Who questioned Democritus?

Age of Alchemy

The idea of the atom disappeared until...

John Dalton

Gets credits for reviving and revising Democritus's ideas of the atom

Subatomic particles

What did John Dalton not know about?

Dalton (1st idea)

All matter is composed of extremely small particles called atoms. Whose idea

Dalton (2nd idea)

All atoms of a given element are identical, having the same size, mass, and chemical properties. Whose idea?

Dalton (3rd idea)

Atoms of a specific element are different from those of any other element. Whose idea?

Dalton (4th idea)

Different atoms combine in simple whole number ratios to form compounds. Whose idea?

Dalton (5th idea)

Atoms cannot be created, divided into smaller particles, or destroyed. In a chemical reaction, atoms are separated, combined, or rearranged. Whose idea

p+

Symbol for protons

n0

Symbol for neutrons

e

Nucleus

Location of protons

Nucleus

Location of neutrons

Surrounding the nucleus

Location of electrons

+1

Relative charge of a proton

0

Relative charge of a neutron

1

Protons and neutrons have a relative mass of ...

Insignificant

The mass of an electron is...

Atomic Number

Tells (1) how many protons in the nucleus (2) how many electron (if the element is neutral)

Atomic Mass

Number of neutrons + number of protons

Average

Atomic mass is a decimal b/c it's an \___________ of every isotope

Isotopes

Elements that vary in the number of neutrons. (Mass changes but charge/identity does not)

Ions

Change in the number of electrons (vary in charge but not identity or mass)

Plato

Renames "roots" to "elements"

Aristotle

Proposes everything is made up of a mixture of "roots" (earth, water ,air, fire)

Henning Brand

1st person recorded to have discovered an element; boiled urine

Robert Boyle

Defines the elements as "a substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by a chemical reaction"

Antoine Lavoisier

Created the 1st modern chemistry textbook, divides metals and non

Johann Wolfgang Doebereiner

Earliest attempt to classify elements: found some elements form groups called triads [Cl, Br, I] [Ca, Sr, Ba] [Li, Na, K]

Alexander

Emile de Chancourtois

Periodicity

Similar elements seem to occur at regular intervals when they are ordered by their atomic weights

John Newlands

Noted that many pairs of similar elements existed and differed by some multiple of 8. Law of octaves

Dmitri Mendeleev

"Father of the periodic table" Arranged elements by atomic weight

Noble Gases

Mendeleev did not include \__________ \_____

False

True/False : Mendeleev's periodic table should have been ordered by atomic weight

Henry Moseley

Found relationship with x

Glenn Seaborg

moved Lanthanides and Actinides to the bottom of the table

Conductive

Properties of metals: Conducts electricity

Malleable

Properties of metals: Can be hammered into sheets

Ductile

Properties of metals: Can be drawn into wire

Luster

Properties of metals: Most are shiny

Metals

Give away electrons

Non

Metals

2

\# Of electrons in first principal energy level

8

\# Of electrons in second/third principal energy level

Full outermost shell

Atoms want a ...

Ionic Bonding

A transfer of electrons

Shells

The period is the number of ...

Outer ring

The group is the number of atoms in the ...

Group 1

Metal

Group 2

Metal

Group 3

Metal

Group 5

Nonmetals N/P

Group 6

Nonmetals O/S/Se

Group 7

Nonmetals

Alkali Metals

Group 1

Alkaline Metals

Group 2

Chalcogens

Group 6

Halogens

Group 7

Noble Gases

Group 8

Nuclear Chemsitry

Concerned with the atomic nuclei and the changes they undergo

Wilhem Roentgen

discovered x

Henri Becquerel

Discovered radioactivity, researched phosphorescence. Wanted to know if phosphorescent minerals emit X

Marie Curie

Discovered radium and polonium and experimented with radioactivity

radioisotopes

Isotopes that have unstable nuclei

Radioactive Decay

The unstable nuclei emit radiation to attain more stable atomic configurations in this process

Alpha, Beta, Gamma

3 types of radiation

Alpha Particles

Composition of alpha radiation

Beta Particle

Composition of beta radiation

high

energy electromagnetic radiation

Blocked by paper

Relative penetrating power of alpha radiation

Blocked by metal foil

The penetrating power of beta particles

Not completely blocked by lead/concrete

The penetrating power of gamma radiation

Helium nuclei

Radiation description of Alpha radiation

Electrons

Radiation description of Beta radiation

Photons

Radiation description of gamma radiation

Ernest Rutherford

Preformed the gold foil experiment, created the nuclear model, and experimented with the types of radiation

Alpha radiation

2 protons and 2 electrons

Beta radiation

fast moving electrons

True

True/False

gamma

Which wave has higher energy; Gamma or X

X

Ray

Penetrating power

the ability of radiation to pass through matter

Transmutation

The conversion of one element to another element, the atom's atomic number is altered

Nucleons

Protons and neutrons are referred to as...

Strong nuclear force

Keeps the nucleus together with the protons and neutrons inside

Helium

An element with a 1:1 proton/neutron ratio (Most balanced)

Lead

An element with a 1.5:1 ratio (least balanced)

Band of stability

the location of stable nuclei on a neutron

radioactive

All elements above or below the band of stability are \____________ and will undergo radioactive decay to become stable

82

All elements greater than \____ are radioactive

Beta decay

radioactive decay when the radioisotope is above the band of stability and decreases the number of nuetrons