Final 657

reliability

a fundamental concept of clinical assessment and diagnosis. the degree to which a measuring device produces the same result each time it is used to measure the same thing or when two or more different raters use it

validity

a fundamental concept of clinical assessment and diagnosis. the extent to which a measuring instrument actually measures what it claims to measure

standardization

a fundamental concept of clinical assessment and diagnosis. procedure for establishing the expected performance range on a test

presenting problem

major symptoms and behavior the client is experiencing

structured assessment interviews

interview with a set introduction that follows a predetermined set of procedures and questions throughout it

unstructured assessment interviews

typically subjective interviews that don’t follow a predetermined set of questions. the content of the interview questions is influenced by the habits or theoretical views of the interviewer

self-monitoring

observing and recording one’s own behavior, thoughts, and feelings as they occur in various natural settings

analogue situations

when a researcher attempts to emulate the conditions hypothesized as leading to abnormality

ethical issues in assessment

insufficient validation, inaccurate data or premature evaluation, potential cultural bias of the instrument or the clinician, theoretical orientation

weschler intelligence scale for children-revised

intelligence test used for measuring child intelligence

weschler adult intelligence scale-revised

most commonly used test for measuring adult intelligence, includes verbal and performance material and consists of 15 subtests

rorschach inkblot test

projective personality test. use of 10 inkblot photos to which a subject responds with associations that come to mind. analysis of these responses enables a clinician to infer personality characteristics

thematic apperception test

projective personality test. use of a series of simple pictures about which a subject is instructed to make up stories. analysis of the stories gives the clinician clues about the person’s conflicts, traits, personality, dynamics

sentence completion test

projective personality test. utilizes incomplete sentences that a person needs to complete, analysis of which enables a clinician to infer personality dynamics

objective personality test

structured tests, such as questionnares, self-inventories, or rating scales used in psychological assessment

MMPI-2

minnesota multiphasic personality inventory. widely used and empirically validated personality scale

physical examination

consists of the kinds of procedures most of us have experienced when getting a medical checkup when major systems of the body are checked

neuropsychological assessment

use of psychological tests that measure a person’s cognitive, perceptual, and motor performance to obtain clues to the extent and locus of brain damage. performance based

computerized axial tomography

neurological examination, cat scan, radiological technique used to locate and assess the extent of organic brain damage without surgery, previously a CT scan

magnetic resonance imaging

neurological examination, mri, internal scanning technique involving measurement and allows for visualization of the anatomical features of internal organs

positron emission tomography

neurological examination, pet, scan that measures metabolic processes to appraise how well an organ is functioning

functional MRI

neurological examination, fMRI, measures changes in local oxygenation to specific areas of brain tissues, really looks at the function of the brain

personality

unique patterns of traits that characterize an individual

personality disorder

pattern of people seeing themselves and reacting in ways that will cause difficulties but at some point in their life was protecting them from something. usually develops after a triggering event. most of the time are present with another diagnosis

cluster a personality disorders

display unusual behaviors such as distrust, suspiciousness, and social detachment and usually come off as odd or eccentric

paranoid personality disorder

cluster a. distrust and suspiciousness of others all the time

schizoid personality disorder

cluster a. detachment from social relationships and restricted range of expression of emotions

schizotypal personality disorder

cluster a. discomfort with close relationships, cognitive and perceptual distortions, eccentricities of behavior

cluster b personality disorders

share a tendency to be dramatic, emotional, and erratic

histrionic personality disorder

cluster b. excessive emotionality and attention seeking. ex: wearing white to someone’s wedding

narcissistic personality disorder

cluster b. grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy

antisocial personality disorder

cluster b. disregard for and frequent violation of the rights of others

borderline personality disorder

cluster b. instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, emotions, and control over impulses. comorbidity with substance abuse, eating disorders, PTSD. usually occurs in a patient with history of trauma

cluster c personality disorders

often show anxiety and fearfulness

avoidant personality disorder

cluster c. social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation

dependent personality disorder

cluster c. excessive need to be taken care of, leading to submissive and clingy behavior

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

cluster c. preoccupation with orderliness and perfectionism at the expense of flexibility

sexual dysfunction

impairment either in the desire for sexual gratification or in the ability to achieve it

human sexual response cycle - desire phase

1st phase, consists of fantasies about sexual activity or a sense of desire to have sexual activity

human sexual response cycle - arousal phase

2nd phase, generally a subjective sense of sexual pleasure and physiological changes, including penile erection in the male and vaginal lubrication and enlargement in the female

human sexual response cycle - orgasm phase

3rd phase, there is a release of sexual tension and a peaking of sexual pleasure

human sexual response cycle - resolution phase

final phase, a person has a sense of relaxation and well-being

male hypoactive sexual desire disorder

sexual dysfunction in which a man shows little or no sexual drive or interest

erectile disorder

sexual dysfunction in which a male is unable to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for successful sexual gratification, formerly known as impotence

premature ejaculation

persistent and recurrent onset of orgasm and ejaculation with minimal sexual stimulation

delayed ejaculation

inability to ejaculate following a normal sexual excitement phase

gender dysphoria

persistent discomfort about one’s biological sex or the sense that the gender role of the sex is inappropriate

paraphilic disorders

behaviors that cause someone to get aroused not in the normal context of what makes someone aroused, most are non-consensual

fetishistic disorder

arousal by non-living objects or non-genital body parts, ex: feet pics

transvestic disorder

cross dressing for arousal

voyeuristic disorder

arousal by observing a person who doesn’t know they’re being watched, lack of consent, ex: peeping tom

frotteuristic disorder

arousal by rubbing or touching someone without their consent

exhibitionistic disorder

arousal by showing genitalia without consent

sexual sadism

arousal by causing someone to suffer

sexual masochism

arousal by being humiliated, beaten, bound, receiving suffering

apotemnophilia

arousal by the idea of having a healthy limb amputated

pedophilic disorder

arousal by prepubescent children

megan’s law

mandates that convicted sex offenders must register with their local police department so that neighbors know about the potential risk to them

psychotherapy

treatment involving psychological techniques, interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome difficulties or achieve personal growth

universal interventions

aimed at the general public or whole population group. ex: legal restrictions on age with alcohol purchase

biological strategies

promoting adaptive lifestyles like improving diet, having a good exercise routine, overall good health habits

psychosocial strategies

develop skills for effective problem solving, expressing emotions constructively and engaging in satisfying relationships with others; preparation for problems that could be encountered later in life

sociocultural strategies

making the community safe and attractive for individuals within it; public education, social security, environmental protections

selective interventions

aimed at a specific subgroup of the population whose risk of developing a mental health problem is higher than average

indicated intervention

directed toward high risk individuals who are identified as having minimal but detectable symptoms of mental disorders but do not meet the criteria for clinical diagnosis

milieu therapy

general approach to treatment for hospitalized patients that focuses on making the hospital environment itself a therapeutic community

deinstitutionalization

movement to close mental hospitals and treat people with severe mental disorders in the community

patient’s rights

freedom from custodial confinement, right to live in a community, right to refuse treatment, right to refuse medication

aftercare preograms

community based treatment programs, live-in facilities that serve as a transitional home base for former patients

involuntary commitment

if a person is dangerous or unable to provide for their own care

assessment of dangerousness

most patients are not considered dangerous but it is hard to predict or prevent, obvious risk factor is past history of violence

tarasoff decision

duty to warn

world health organization

initially focused on physical diseases but has integrated mental health resources to deal with problems in over 150 countries

HMOs and mental health care

health insurance plans state that everything needs to go through a health insurance provider

time-limited therapy

focus on patients who have a single DSM diagnosis and involves two or more treatments

behavior therapy

assumes that disordered behavior is learned and that symptom relief is achieved through changing overt maladaptive behaviors into more constructive behaviors, direct and active treatment

exposure therapy

if a behavior is learned, it can be unlearned; the patient is confronted with the fear producing stimulus

systematic desensitization

controlled, slow, gradual way of having a patient confront the fear-producing stimulus

flooding

extreme, direct confrontation with the feared stimulus at full strength

imaginal vs in-vivo exposure

imaginary vs real exposure

aversion therapy

modifying undesirable behavior by the old fashioned method of punishment, ex: electric shock

modeling

the client learns new skills by imitating another person who performs the behavior to be acquired, bandura did live modeling, used to promote learning of simple skills like self-feeding or complex skills like social effectiveness

systematic reinforcement

using reinforcement to increase the frequency of the desired behavior, used for substance use

token economies

rewards, based on the principles of operant conditioning, used to establish adaptive behaviors

cognitive and CBT

cognitive processes influence emotion, motivation, and behavior, used in a hypothesis-testing manner

rational emotive behavior therapy

based on albert ellis’ theory that cognitions control our emotions and behaviors, therefore changing the way we think about things will affect the way we feel and the way we behave

beck’s cognitive therapy

social learning program

client-centered therapy

a humanistic therapy founded by carl rogers, views therapy as a process of removing constraints and restrictions that grow out of unrealistic demands, helps client accept themselves

motivational interviewing

directive, client-centered style for eliciting behavior change by helping clients explore and resolve ambivalence about change and make a commitment to treatment

gestalt therapy

focuses on the unity of mind and body, goal is to have clients recognize bodily processes and emotions that are blocked off from awareness to increase self-awareness and self-acceptance

psychodynamic therapy

focuses on individual personality dynamics, usually from a psychoanalytic perspective

free association

method of exploring the unconscious in which a person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind

analysis of dreams

attempts to shed light on unconscious material and provide important clues to wishes

analysis of resistance

the inability or unwillingness of a patient to discuss or reveal certain memories, thoughts, motives, or experiences

analysis of transference/countertransference

freudian technique of analyzing and interpreting the patient’s relationship with the therapist, based on the assumption that this relationship mirrors unresolved conflicts in the patient’s past

family therapy

treats the family as a system, views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members

structural family therapy

treatment in which therapists deeply involve themselves in family activities to change how family members arrange and organize interactions

tardive dyskinesia

neurological disorder resulting from excessive use of antipsychotic drugs, side effects can occur months to years after treatment has started or stopped. symptoms are involuntary movements of tongue, lips, jaw, extremities

antidepressant drugs

these work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters, help with depression