Exam #6 Test Plan Review

What are the concepts of teaching?

Process that involves a teacher and learner, Interactive and goal-driven, Involves planning and implementing instructional activities, Requires good communication skills, Includes providing activities allow clients to learn

What is the goal of teaching activities?

To meet learner outcomes

What are the concepts of learning?

Change in behavior, knowledge, skills, or attitude, Learning occurs as a result of planned or spontaneously occurring situations, events or exposures, Active process of involving more than giving of information

What is the conscious concept of learning?

Goal-oriented, intended, and deliberate involving motivation to learn

What is the subconscious concept of learning?

Without active participation in the learning process

What are the five rights of teaching?

Time, Context, Goal, Content, Method

What are the 3 domains of learning?

Cognitive, Affective, Psychomotor

What is the cognitive domain of learning?

Storage and recall of information (ex. Facts about a disease)

What is the affective domain of learning?

Changing feelings, beliefs, attitudes, and values (ex. Changing a belief about diet)

What is the psychomotor domain of learning?

"Hands-on" skill. Requires thinking and doing (ex. Self-administration of insulin)

What are factors that can affect learning?

Motivation, Readiness to learn (Physical condition and Emotion), Timing, Active involvement, Feedback given, Repetition, Learning environment, Scheduling of the session, Amount and complexity of content, Teacher/learner communication, Belonging to a special population (ex. ADHD), Developmental stage , Culture, Health literacy

What are strategies for motivating learners?

Lecture, Group discussion, Demonstration/Return, One-to-one instruction and mentoring, Digital sources of information, Printed materials, Role-modeling, Online sources of information

What are some barriers to learning?

Fear, anxiety, depression, Physical discomfort, pain, fatigue, Emotional distractions, Sensory and perceptual deficits, Psychomotor deficits

What are some components of a learning assessment?

Learning needs/knowledge level, Health beliefs and practices, Physical and emotional readiness, Ability to learn, Literacy level, Health literacy, Ability to see, feel, hear, and grasp, and Learning style

What do nurses teach?

Disease information, Information about medications, Procedures/psychomotor skills, disease prevention and health promotion, Clinical processes

What are the basics of growth and development?

Involves the entire body; Body grows physically, emotionally, socially, and mentally; Growth & development are characterized by periods of rest

What is life expectancy?

The number of years an individual will likely live

Why do women usually live longer than men?

Women are more likely to take care of health issues when they arise

What is infant mortality rate?

The number of deaths in children before the age of 1

Who has the highest infant mortality rate?

African American infants

What are the 8 stages of lifespan?

Infancy, Toddler, Preschool, School Age, Adolescence, Early Adulthood, Middle Adulthood, Late Adulthood

What are signs of aging for middle adulthood?

Physical appearance may decline, and responsibiities may shift. Bone mass depletes and may cause osteoporosis in women after menopause. Men also lose calcium at a gradual rate. Sight changes in height because of compression of the vertebrae. Decrease in muscle mass. Presbyopia (loss of elasticity of the eye muscles) and Presbycusis (normal, age related hearing loss) may occur. Wrinkles and gray hair may occur also. Menopause for women and slightly lower testosterone for men.

What is nutrition for middle adulthood?

Less calories are needed. It's important to exercise regularly in a weight-bearing fashion to avoid osteoporosis. Examples include walking, swimming, and golf because they increase calcium absorption. They should limit fats and cholesterol and its recommended to exercise at least 3 times a week.

What is cephalocaudal?

Growth and development from the head towards the feet

What is proximodistal?

Growth and development that occurs in the center of the body and moves outward

What's an example of cephalocaudal?

The infant's head is disproportionally large in relation to the rest of its body. As a baby grows, the body will begin to catch up with the head

What is an example of proximodistal?

Baby gains control of shoulders before its fingers

What is the basic conflict of Stage 1 of Erikson's?

Trust vs. Mistrust

What is the age range for Stage 1 of Erikson's?

Birth to 18 months

What is the basic conflict of Stage 2 of Erikson's?

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

What is the age range for Stage 2 of Erikson's?

18 months to 3 years

What is the basic conflict of Stage 3 of Erikson's?

Initiative vs. Guilt

What is the age range for Stage 3 of Erikson's?

3 to 5 years

What is the basic conflict of Stage 4 of Erikson's?

Industry vs. Inferiority

What is the age range for Stage 4 of Erikson's?

6 to 11 years old

What is the basic conflict of Stage 5 of Erikson's?

Identity vs. Role Confusion

What is the age range for Stage 5 of Erikson's?

11 to 21 years

What is the basic conflict of Stage 6 of Erikson's?

Intimacy vs. Isolation

What is the age range for Stage 6 of Erikson's?

21 to 40 years

What is the basic conflict of Stage 7 of Erikson's?

Generativity vs. Stagnation

What is the age range for Stage 7 of Erikson's?

40 to 65 years

What is the basic conflict of Stage 8 of Erikson's?

Ego Integrity vs. Despair

What is the age range for Stage 8 of Erikson's?

Over 65

What are psychosocial development factors of an infant?

Humans responding to the infant's needs establishes trust. Anxiety is commonly displayed by infants when separated from their primary caregiver. Attachment between the infant and the primary caretaker is very important for infants. Separation anxiety is the predictable behavior pattern in children aged 15-30 months who have good attachment relationships.

What are psychosocial development factors of a toddler?

They want to be brave and fearless and venture out but becomes easily frightened and want reassurance. Attention-seeker- Typically uninhibited and energetic. Usually want approval from those around them. Autonomy- This is usually the struggle of making your own decisions at this point

What are psychosocial development factors of a preschooler?

They enjoy creating fantasies about the people they would like to become. Enjoy play and dressing up and taking initiative. Common fears at this time are storms, the dark, being abandoned, and monsters. Comfort the child by showing examples of safety.

What are psychosocial development factors of a 6-12 year old?

Notice that they want to venture out on their own. Start to develop goals and discover talents and accomplishments. Gains in self-confidence and sense of purpose. Being successful in school helps to build the child's sense of self. Important for parents and teachers to celebrate victories and achievements.

What are psychosocial development factors of adolescence?

They are adjusted to the new adult responsibilities that have been thrust upon them while letting go of childhood insecurities. This is the time when they are discovering who they are. Nutrition for adolescence includes caloric needs to be increased due to the basal metabolic rate increasing. Females 2600 calories a day. Males 3600 calories a day. Stress eating in moderation.

What are psychosocial development factors of early adulthood?

Many avoid intimacy because it leads to self-absorption and isolation. Dual-career families are common at this age, as is the starting of a family. Family creation and family harmony are major goals for many during this time. Fewer calories are needed as growth is complete. 7-9 hours of restorative sleep helps most adults function well. Physical performance may decline, and responsibilities may shift.

What are psychosocial development factors of late adulthood?

Meaning is found in their life and their life and accomplishments are evaluated. Dissatisfaction when looking back at accomplishments may lead to restlessness and/or panic. They may feel time is running out. Health and financial issues are part of the adjustment of this time of life. As they get older, grandparents will enjoy being with grandchildren, they may deal with divorce, death or illness, or even the death of a spouse. It's more common for women to lose a spouse than men. The surviving spouse may turn to their adult children for support.

What screening is important for early adulthood to keep up with?

The importance of regular physical and dental exams is important to look for early signs of cancer, heart disease, and other debilitating diseases. Yearly pelvic exam and pap smear for women and testicular examinations for men are important. Routine mammograms and prostate exams begin near the end of this time period, as well.

What is the leading cause of disability and death in the early adulthood age group?

Accidents that can occur at work, in the car or sporting activities

What are cognitive development factors as a toddler?

Egocentric: Doesn't understand that others' neds are important: Its all about them. Can be demanding by wanting everything their way and may react negatively when they're told no. The hallmark of this age is absorption: They are building new, expanded memories.
Cognitive language: Common to say "no" and "me". Can identify objects. By age 2-½, their language is 450 words. By age 3-½, the child can answer questions and speak sentences and has 900-word language

What are foods a toddler should avoid that have a high choking risk?

Hot dogs, grapes, carrots, candies, and popcorn

What are cognitive development factors as a preschooler?

"Black and white": Preschool-aged children are very concrete: They see things as black or white, as good or bad. Time is associated with events that occur weekly and seasonally, such as Mondays are Mother's Day Out, and every November, Thanksgiving occurs
Magical powers: Preschool children believe they have magical powers and make things happen. They feel powerful and important; however, it may also caus grief or guilt when something bad happens to someone in their life. They may feel directly responsible.
White lies: It is common to tell untruths during this stage

What are cognitive development factors as a 6-12 year old?

Logic: During this time, children begin to develop logical thinking. They view the world more realistically than they have before and understand the views of others; Fantasy: Children move away from fantasy-type thoughts and realize there are actions and consequences for events in their lives; Belonging: Children at this age develop a sense of belonging with the family and peers. Being accepted is very important; Education: Children continue to develop reading, writing, calculation, communication, and grammar skills

What are cognitive development factors of late adulthood?

Some may have loss in recent memories and long-term memories remain intact. Illnesses like Alzheimer's can become apparent

Diet is important at what age?

Early adulthood because heart disease and cancer are major concerns in the adult years

What is growth in a preschooler?

In which the child becomes responsible for their behavior, develops self-discipline, and is able to manage their impulses. In addition, they are able to make new friends and have less separation anxiety from parents

What are signs of aging in late adulthood?

Loss of height is common over the age of 50. The deposition of adipose tissue (fat) around the waist, hips, and thighs occurs due to a decrease in physical activity. Decrease in height or trunk length may occur due to thinning of the intervertebral disks. This can lead to kyphosis, which is an exaggerated thoracic curvature. This may lead to a barrel-chest appearance, which impinges on the diaphragm, which can limit inspiration. Kyphosis may also affect posture, mobility, and gait. Older adults are encouraged to remain active to avoid loss of muscle mass, using assistive aids when necessary. There may be decline in taste and smell, so attractive, colorful food will help encourage eating.

What is ageism?

Being discriminated against because of advanced age. Many other adults want to continue working but find that there is difficulty in finding or keeping jobs during to ageism.

Which are development signs in adolescence?

There is a need for increased sleep time to restore energy. Sports-related injuries are common during this time due to the number of young adults participating in sports during these years. It's important to stress the use of protective devices such as helmets during contact sports and mouth guards when they may have a mouth injury. Mood swings are normal, but parents need to be alert to the signs of depression. (Changes in appetite or mood, talk of suicide, preoccupation with death or dying, and giving away cherished possessions)

What are signs of development in the 6-12 years age range?

Sedentary children need fewer calories. The active/athletic child needs more calories. It's important to check height, weight, and BMI regularly. Obesity that begins at this age will continue throughout the child's lifetime. Healthy food choices should be encouraged. The best way to adopt a healthier BMI is to become physically active. The need for sleep slowly decreases over this time from 12 hours a night at age 6 to 10 hours per night at age 12. Accidents are still the leading cause of death in this age group.

What are facts about 6-12 year development?

Poor judgment, feelings of curiosity, their impulsive nature, and still-developing motor coordination are some reasons for this. School violence has increased in the past 10 years, and it is important that children have resources to help them deal with the daily stress. Important to lock weapons away at home.

How should the nurse react in a patient care situation?

The nurse should be able to intervene for patients who are being abused. Keep in mind that if there is an injury, there is the possibility that it was inflicted. Be able to perform a focused physical assessment and report concerns of abuse on the patient

What is primary prevention?

Activities that are designed to prevent or slow the onset of disease

What are examples of primary prevention?

Eating healthy foods, exercising, wearing sunscreen, obeying seatbelt laws, and keeping up with immunizations

What is secondary prevention?

Involves screening activities and education for detection illnesses in the early stages

What is an example of secondary prevention?

Regular physical examinations, BP and diabetes screenings, and TB skin tests

What is tertiary prevention?

Focuses on stopping the disease from progressing and returning the individual to the pre-illness phase. Rehabilitation is the main intervention during this level.

What is an example of tertiary prevention?

Preventing complications of surgery and helping to regain the patient's strength to learn and walk again after total hip replacement

What are morals given in an ethical situation?

Private, personal, or group standard or right and wrong; Learned from external influences, communicated through various systems (educational, religious, societal)

What can affect the way a person reasons about moral issues?

A person's stage of moral development

What are some ethical issues in healthcare?

Abortion, Advance directives, Allocation of healthcare goods and services, Compelling unwanted treatment, Confidentiality and Privacy, DNR/Allow Natural Death (AND) prescriptions, Medical aid in dying/continuous palliative sedation, Organ transplantation, and withdrawing or withholding life-sustaining treatments (ex. ventilators, artificial nutrition, and hydration

What are examples of ethical issues in healthcare?

Reporting gunshot wounds and child abuse

What can affect moral decisions?

Developmental stage, values, attitudes, and beliefs

When do ethical dilemmas arise?

When nurses experience conflicts among their loyalties to patients, families, providers, employers, and other nurses

According to professional ethics, what is your first allegiance?

To the patient

How is the dilemma solved?

Autonomy, Beneficence and Nonmaleficence, Fidelity, and Veracity

What are a few of the nurse's obligations in ethical decisions?

Be aware of and sensitive to issues so you can identify them when they arise. Educate yourself-attend workshops, read, and talk to other nurses; Assume responsibility for your own ethical actions. Even if you do not have the "last word" about what happens to a patient or about what others do, you are always responsible for your own actions in every situation; Function as a team member when ethical problems arise. Realize you should have input-no one profession has full ethical expertise-and realize that your input can be valuable

What is advocacy?

Communication and defense of the rights and interest of another

What are the roles of the nurse as patient advocate in the delivery of ethical nursing care?

Keep the ethical principle of patient autonomy always in mind; Know and document the facts of the case; Know the arguments of those who oppose the patient.
Have a sound base of support for your actions; Form a coalition of allies, if you can; Intervene high enough in the hierarchy to get the job done; Demonstrate to the system how it is defeating its own goals (ex. For pt care); Avoid getting into a power struggle if possible; Be aware of patient vulnerability; Have alternative actions; Inform, Support, and Communicate; Nurses have a responsibility to advocate for their patients.

What should you communicate patient values, preferences, and expressed needs to other members of the healthcare team?

It will assist you in providing goal-directed, client-centered care. Then you can communicate these things to the other members of the healthcare team to ensure patient-centered care with sensitivity and respect for the diversity of individual patients

What does "M" in the MORAL model stand for?

Massage the dilemma

What does "O" in the MORAL model stand for?

Outline the options

What does "R" in the MORAL model stand for?

Resolve the dilemma

What does "A" in the MORAL model stand for?

Act by applying the chosen option

What does "L" in the MORAL model stand for?

Look back and evaluate the entire process

What are the moral principles?

Autonomy, Beneficence, Nonmaleficence, Fidelity, Veracity (ability to tell the truth), and Justice

What are the factors in moral decision making?

Values, Attitudes, Beliefs

What are the values in moral decision making?

Belief about the worth of something; Highly prized ideals, customs, conduct, goals; Freely chosen; Learned through observation and experience; Vary from person to person

What are attitudes in moral decision making?

Feelings toward person, object, idea; Includes thinking and feeling component; What a person thinks

What are beliefs in moral decision making?

Something that one accepts as true; Not always based on fact

What is the Bill of Rights in relation to nursing practice?

The first 10 amendments of the United States. Identifies the role of government in individuals' lives. Many of these rights have direct implications for healthcare, including the rights of nurses and of patients. (ex. Protecting patients' privacy rights is a fundamental role of the professional nurse that is derived from the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

What is HIPPA in terms of nursing practice?

Established in 1996 to protect health insurance benefits for workers who lose or change their jobs, protect coverage to persons with preexisting medical conditions, and to establish standards to protect the privacy of personal health information

What is the Patient Self-Determination Act in terms of nursing practice?

Recognizes the patient's right to make decisions regarding their own healthcare. The HCP informs the patient about available medical or surgical treatment options and benefits, risks, and alternatives.

What are 2 types of legal written advance directives?

The living will and the durable power of attorney for healthcare

What is the Americans with Disabilities Act?

Provides protection against discrimination of individuals with disabilities

What are the state laws guiding nursing practice?

Mandatory reporting laws, Good Samaritan laws, and Nurse practice Acts

What are 2 things that are mandatory to report?

Communicate disease and abuse (physical, emotional, sexual)