Earth science 120 unit 1 exam

Unit 1 Exam

types of sedimentary rocks

organic, clastic, chemical

clastic sedimentary rocks

form from weathered bits of rocks and minerals

rocks

any solid mass of mineral or mineral-like matter occurring naturally as part of our planet

3 types of rocks

igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

sedimentary rock

rock formed from the weathered products of preexisting rocks that have been transported, deposited, compacted and cemented

metamorphic rock

rock formed by the alteration of pre-existing rock deep within Earth (but still in the solid state) by heat and pressure and/or chemically active fluids

What does the rock cycle do?

shows the interrelationships among the 3 rock types igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic

magma

molten material that forms deep beneath the Earth's surface

lava

magma that reaches the surface

weathering

a process in which rocks are broken down by water, air, and living things

sediment

weathered pieces of Earth's crust

Where do igneous rocks form?

deep within Earth's interior or at Earth's surface from fiery volcanic eruptions

coarse-grained texture

caused by slow cooling resulting in larger crystals

fine-grained texture

caused by rapid cooling resulting in smaller, interconnected mineral grains

granitic/felsic composition

granitic/felsic composition

2 kinds of formation of igneous rocks

extrusive, intrusive

extrusive igneous

forms above the surface; cools quickly from lava

intrusive igneous

form under or inside Earth's surface; cools slowly from magma

When do sedimentary rocks form?

when existing rock begins to break down

5 parts of sedimentary processes

weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, cementation

What is the top erosional agent on Earth?

water

stratification

layering/deposits from fossils

2 types of metamorphism

contact, regional

characteristics of minerals

color, luster, streak, cleavage, hardness, crystal

cleavage

tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weak bonding

inorganic

no materials were once part of living things

streak

color of a mineral's powder

vein

narrow channel or slab of a mineral that is different from the surrounding rock

2 things to classify igneous rock

composition and texture

glassy texture

caused by rapid cooling

weathering

physical and chemical breaking down of rock

erosion

gravity moves solids (sediment, soil, rock, and other particles) from their source and deposits them elsewhere

compaction

process that squeezes or compacts sediment

cementation

takes place when dissolved minerals are deposited in the tiny spaces among the sediments

organic sedimentary rocks

form from plant or animal remains

chemical sedimentary rocks

form when dissolved minerals precipitate from water solutions

Where are almost all fossils found?

sedimentary rock

When does most metamorphism occur?

high temperatures and pressures inside the surface of Earth

regional metamorphism

Large scale deformation (large changes; mountains)

2 types of metamorphic rock

foliated, non-foliated

foliated metamorphic rock

occur when minerals re-crystallize under extreme conditions; banding

non-foliated metamorphic rock

usually one mineral; small specks

minerals

naturally occurring, inorganic crystalline material with a unique chemical composition

rock cycle

model that illustrates the origin of the 3 basic rock types and the interrelatedness of Earth's materials and processes

luster

the appearance or quality of light reflected from the surface of a mineral

fracture

any break or rupture in rock along which no appreciable movement has taken place

Mohs scale

series of 10 minerals used as a standard in determining hardness

softest mineral (1 on Mohs Scale)

talc

silicate

any one of numerous minerals that have the oygen and silicon tetrahedron as their basic structure

non-silicate

mineral groups that lack silicas in their structures and account for less than 10 percent of Earth's crust

ore

a rock that contains a metal or other economically useful mineral

gemstone

rare, colorful mineral with a brilliant luster and a hardness of 8 or 9 on the Mohs hardness scale

strip mining

process of Earthmoving equipment scraping away soil to expose ore

Hardness

ability of mineral to resist scratching or abrasion

(Moha Scale #?) Streakplate

(6.5)

(Mohs scale #?) Glass

(5.5)

(Moh’s Scale #) Coin

(3.5)

(Moh’s scale #?) Fingernail

(2.5)

Two types of luster:

Non-metallic and Metallic

Lithification

pressure collects rocks together

compaction

pressure

Chemical Weathering processes?

Solution, dissolution, hydrosis, oxidation, decay, decomposition

Chemical weathering does what 2 things?

Changes mineral composition and dissolves rock fragments

Rate of weathering (ROW)

how fast or slow rocks break in specific period of time

Metamorphic rocks + heat (high pressure) and hot fluids=?

Change (In size, shape, density, mineral composition and texture

High grade of metamorphism

Change is maximum (required 2 changes to be maximum)

Low grade of metamorphism

change is minimum

Course texture is

Larger than a sugar grain

Medium texture is

same size of sugar grain

Fine texture is

smaller than a sugar grain

Foliated rocks include

Slate, Phyllite, Schist, and Gniess

Non-foliated rocks include

Limestone, sandstonem and Bituminous (Parents)

horizontal lines are : (map)

Latitudes

Vertical lines are: (map)

Longitudes

Topographic map:

map that shows features at surface or elevation from sea level using contour lines

contour lines

Lines that connect points of equal elevation from sea level

Contour is always written in? (color)

Brown

Index- Contour line ?

every FIFTH contour line

Where is the core located on earth?

The center of earth

Where is the mantle located on earth?

The outside-layer of the core

Where is the mantle located on earth?

The layer located outside the mantle layer

Bowens Reaction Series

describes formulation of mineral in order at specific temperature

Mineral composition =

Mineral Color

Acidic rock/features:

Silica(70%), Granite, most viscous (thick), light colored minerals (white yellow light grey and pink

Intermediate rocks/features:

Silica (60%), Diorite, Gray, Not light or dark but in-between colors, 50% dark and 50% light

Basic/Mafic rock/features?

Silica (50% Least in silica), Gabbro, Dark colored minerals (Red, black, green, dark grey),

Ultra basic/Ultra Mafic rock/features?

less than 50% silica, Peridotite (rock ex.), dark colored minerals

Slow rate of cooling =

Coarse, Phaneritic (visible), Intrusive (shiny)

Fast rate of cooling=

Fine or Small (<2mm), Apheritic (invisible), extrusive

Very fast rate of cooling=

No crystals ( amptphous), Glassy (obsidian), Extrusive

Types of volcanoes?

Sheild, Composite/strato, Cinder cones, volcanic domes

Sheild volcanoes consists of?

Gentle slopes, covers large areas, Lava (found in Hawaii: Mauna, Loa and Kilanea)

Composite/Strata consists of?

steep slopes, covers smaller areas, pyroclasts lava, most dangerous

Cinder cones consists of?

Small, Steepsides, pyroclasts, clusters, flagstaff (arizona), Deep craters

Volcanic domes consists of?

Smallest form, steep slopes, lava is acidic (felsic)

NOT a volano, lava is basic/mafic

Fissure Eruptions/Basaltic floods

Vent found at summit of volcano limbs (sides)

Volcanic craters

crater that is more than 1km in diameter:

Caldera

Igneous rocks that are found below surface with specific size and shape

Igneous Rocks

Horizontal tablular/ planar intrusion

sill