lang acquisition test 1

language

complex and dynamic system of conventional symbols that is used in various modes for though and comm

morphemes

smallest unit of lang that CARRIES MEANING

EX: school-s (2)

Pre-school-s (3)

code

translation of type of info to another

happy----→ translating feelings

conventional

means users of lang abide by accepted rules

dog-----→ puppy, pup, canine

lang community

group of people who use a common lang

Language acquisition begins at

Birth or even before birth in utero

modularity

cognitive science theory about how the human mind is organized in the brain

modules

regions of brain develop to process specific type of info

domain specific (module)

can process only very specific info

domain general ( module)

can process genral tasks like memory and reasoning

speech is wholly dependent on_______

language and vise versa BUT you don’t need speech for language

auditory perception

brain process sound

speech perception

process speech

phoneme

smallest unit of SOUND

/g/

communication loop

source-→ encoding--→ channel--→ decoding--→ receiver

transmission

sharing thoughts and ideas to others fluently

Mental lexicon

number of words a person understands

how many words does an adult mental lexicon have?

60,000 words

proper nouns

name specific people, things, and places

ex: United states, Ashley Ramos

noun

word that refers to a

thing (book), a person (Noah Webster), an animal (cat), a place (Omaha), a quality (softness), an idea (justice), or an action (yodeling)

action words

(verbs)

express what a person is doing or has done

ex: run/ran, speak, eat, drink, cry

adjectives

describe the qualities or states of being of nouns:

Ex: enormous, doglike, silly, yellow, fun, fast

specific nominals

proper nouns

general nominals

nouns

action words

verbs

modifiers

adjectives

social words

greetings

semantic network

mental organization of lexicon and connections among words

strength of network

ability to retrive words and accurately store new ones

organization of lexicon depends on

syntactic roles, phonological features, semantic sim

extralinguistic cues

non verbal

gestures, facial expressions, pauses, proximity, pitch/loudness, eye contact

phonology

how speech sounds are organized in the mind and used to convey meaning

how sounds words and sentences are organized to convey context

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3 components

phonology, morphology, syntax

morphology

how morphemes the minimal meaningful units of language are used in language/ create different meanings by combining words

cookie-s (plural)

syntax

language rules governing how words are organized into sentences

phonemic inventory

set of speech sounds of a lang

how many phonemes in English

39 phonemes

/l/,/o/,/g/

Phonotactic cues

set of rules for possible phoneme sequence

ex: dogs----→ /gz/ never occurs in the beginning of a word

phonological awareness

skills of identifying and manipulating sounds

being able to rhyme, phoneme count, syllable count, initial sound identification, initial sound elision

Free morpheme

word that can stand on its own

bound morpheme

changes the meaning of the word changes meaning,

cannot stand alone and needs to be put together with another word

ex: walk-ed

/ed/ cannot stand alone

derivational morphemes

prefixes- un- happy (beginning)

suffix- happi-ness (end)

types of sentences

declarative, negative, interrogative

pragmatics

how language is used to communicate (socially)

instrumental (purpose of communication)

used to ask for something

regulatory ( purpose of comm)

used to give directions and to direct others

interactional ( purpose of comm)

used to interreact and converse with others in a social way

personal (purpose of communication)

used to express a state of mind or feelings

heuristic ( purpose of communication)

used to find out info

imaginative (purpose of communication)

used to tell stories or role play

informative ( purpose of communication)

used to provide and organized description of an event or object

7 purposes of comm

instrumental

regulatory

interactional

personal

heuristic

imaginative

informative

proto-imperatives

behavior regulaton func

proto declaratives

social interaction and joint attention

discourse

entire context of convo

what 3 domain intersect during communication

form, content, and use

form involve what

phonology---→ /a/

morphology--→ (-ing) marker

syntax

inflectional morphemes

provide grammatical precision

doesn’t change meaning

language sample analysis

analyze children’s lang form, context and use

minimum length is 50-100 but ideal 200

c units apply to?

oral analysis:

can include incomplete sentences and sentences fragments

T-units

written language transcriptions

includes only complete sentences

c units and t units both consist of an____________________

independent clause and its modifiers such as dependent clause

communication units

a main clause and any subordinate clause

Main clause

can stand alone 1-C unit

Subordinate clause

Depends on main clause to make sense ( no C- unit)

Mean length of utterance (MLU)

average number of morphemes ( or words) that the client produces in an utterance

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How to calc MLU

total # of morphemes/ total # of utterances = MLU

8 major parts of speech

noun, (flower, family, anger)

pronoun ( i, it, this which)

adjective ( happy, long, difficult)

verb ( run, make, have)

adverb ( badly, loudly, well)

preposition ( in, by, with, throughout)

conjunction ( and, but, bc, or)

interjection ( ouch, oh, yeah)

main clause/ independent clause

a part of a sentence that can stand alone and make sense

subordinate clause/ dependent clause

cannot stand on its own and make sense without being joined with a main clause

compound sentence

made up of 2+ more independent clauses (phrases that can stand by themselves) joined with a conjuction

complex sentences

have at least 1 independent and 1 dependent clause joined by a subordinate conjunction

subordinate conjunction: then, when, because

when assessing semantics skills look for _______

variety

Type token ratio ( TTR)

the measure of functional vocab skills

ages 3-8 years have a TTR of .45-.50

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\# of every new word produced in lang sample / total # of words in the sample = TTR

nature /______

nativist

infants arrive preprogrammed to learn lang

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nurture/_____

empiricist-

learn lang through experiences

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what is in the middle of nature and nurture.

interactionist

between nature and nurture theories

what theories does nurture ( empiricist) involve

Ecological: theory ecological Bronfenbrenner (1994)

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behavior: theory behavioral skinner (1957)

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what theories does interactionist involve (middle)

social interaction: Social interaction Vygotsky theory

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connectionist: Connectionist Rumelheart and McClelland

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Cognitive: cognitive Piaget theory

what theories involve (nature (nativist))

Modularity: modularity Fodor theory

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Linguistic: linguistic chomsky theory

Modularity Fodor theory ( Nature/nativist)

nativist/nature theory

lang is organized into highly specific modules( parts of the brain)

Ecological brofrenner theory (empirist/ nurture)

individual: self

micro-system: family, child care

meso-system: interactions between micro-system

exo-system:community health services, workplace

Macro-system: values, laws

Behavioral skinner theory ( empirist/ nurture)

similar to learnt behavior

environmental stimuli elicit to lang response

operant conditioning

Linguistic chomsky theory (nativist)

children born with general grammatical rules

universal grammer

Connectionist Rumelheart and McClelland theory ( interactionist)

lang is organized in a network and under goes constant transformation

Cognitive Piaget theory (Interactionist)

cognitive development and interactions with environment drive language development

Social interaction Vygotsky theory (Interactionist)

social interaction with peers and adults

Zone of proximal development

\-what the child knows

\-what the learner could understand with guidance

\-what the learner has learn

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infants age range

birth- 12 months of age

years of significant change and development

Foundations for lang development happen in ____ __and in__ _____

infancy and utero

In utero foundations for lang development

genetics, nutrition, stress hormones, safety

foundations for infancy lang development are

directed speech, joint reference and attention, daily routines, and caregiver responses

Motherese is_____

baby talk

what distinctive features do adults use with young lang learners

Paralinguistic: High pitch, slower tempo

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syntactic: Shorter MLU, fewer subordinate clauses, more content words, fewer function words

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Discourse: Repetition

3 phases of development

Phase 1: attendance to social partners (Birth- 6 months)

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Phase 2: Emergence and coordination of joint attention (6months -- 1yr)

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Phase 3: Transition to lang (1+ yr )

Phase 1: Attendance to social patterns

birth- 6 months

1st month seeing 8-12 in away

expressions through the head, body, and limbs

reaching objects 4 months

rolling over 4-6 months

discovered feet 5 months

sits up 6 months

Phase 2: Emergence and coordination of joint attention

6 months- 1yr

Increase interest to objects around

shift attention from toys to people (joint attention)

Phase 3: Transition to lang

1yr +

addition of lang into social interactions

responsive joint attention (RJA)

Initiating joint attention (IJA)

always follow the childs_____

lead

Expanding

aggreging w the child

repeating same information back to the child