Nutrition W2 CH3-5

Most nutrients are absorbed in the stomach, where the majority of the digestion occurs

The first statement is false and the second is true

Most nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine

Loss of smell results in a condition that limits capacity to detect flavor of food and beverages called

Ansomia

Which substance is most essential for hydrolyzing large protein molecules

Pepsin

Which enzyme is most essential for digestion of triglycerides found in butterfat?

Lipase

___ are most likely the last to pass through the stomach and increase satiety.

Fats

Abnormal distortion of taste is called

Dysgeusia

Each is true of swallowing and processing food except one. Which one is the exception?

C. The bolus is transported to the stomach by osmosis and gravity

What is true of processing food?

The swallowing reflex moves a bolus into the esophagus

A bolus is a mass of food

The lower esophagus sphincter relaxes to permit food into the stomach

Each is associated with increased dental erosion except one, which is the exception

Increased saliva flow

Which monosaccharide is the most sweet?

Fructose

Snacks contribute significantly to the nutritional intake of young children and teenagers. Approximately 50% of commonly consumed snack foods contain fermentable carbohydrates

First statement is true and second is false

Not 50%

Which consumption pattern of fermentable carbohydrate is considered most cariogenic

Multiple exposures of small quantities

Which provides the most fructose

Fruits

Carbohydrates alone do not cause obesity. Excessive caloric intake and inadequate energy output are the primary causes of obesity

Both statements are true

Which carbohydrate is least cariogenic

Lactose\*

Each nonutritive sweetener can be recommended to patients with phenylketonuria except one, which is the exception

Aspartame

Symptoms of kwashiorkor are all of the following except

Thick hair

What are the symptoms of Kwashiorkor

Anemia, opportunistic infections, edema of the extremities and lethargy

Per kilogram of body weight, which group has the lowest RDA for protein

Men

The substance that is most supportive of bones and teeth is

Collagen

Which is supportive to bones and teeth

The type of vegetarian most at risk for nutrient deficiencies is the

Vegan

Which food is most likely contribute to protein deficiency

Legumes

What are the body parts that compose the alimentary canal

Oral cavity

Pharynx

Esophagus

Stomach

Small intestine

Colon

Rectum

Anus

What are the parts of the small intestine

Duodenum

Jejunum

Ileum

What are the parts of the large intestine

Cecum , Colon, Rectum and Anus

__ __waves of contraction that follow the entire length of the alimentary tact are called__ -

Involuntary waves

Peristalisis

Food choices are influenced by 3 sensory perceptions

Sight

Smell

Taste

Receptors for the sense of taste are called

Taste buds

A persistent **abnormal distortion of taste**, including sweet, sour, bitter, salty, or metallic taste is termed **__________.**

Dyspepsia

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system

Salivary glands

Liver

Gallbladder

Pancreas

The process by which large molecules are split into smaller ones that are water soluble is called

Hydrolysis

An adverse condition resulting from medical treatment is called

Latrogenic

A poor appetite that can occur for many reasons, including loss of taste acuity from medications, is called 

Anorexia

Functions of saliva

Lubricate,

remove debris,

antibacterial action, neutralize/dilute/buffer acids, remineralize, prevent plaque accumulation, facilitate taste, and promote ease of speech.

Salivary amylase is the enzyme that facilitates

Start digestion

The crushing and grinding of food into smaller pieces for digestion is known as ___

Mastication

Loss of even one molar tooth can decrease _________, or how well a patient can prepare their food for swallowing.

Masticatory efficiency

The swallowed mass of food is known as a ________

Bolus

The ______________ is made up of a group of strong fibers located just above the stomach.

Lower Esophageal Sphinctor

The bolus of food enters the stomach and is mixed with gastric secretions, producing _______, a semifluid material produced by gastric juices on ingested food.

Chyme

Two major enzymes found in Gastric Juices are

Pepsin

Lipase

An adult stomach functions as a reservoir to hold an average meal for

3 to 4 hours

Fats provide greater ___ than proteins or carbohydrates because they remain in the stomach longer

Satiety

What is secreted by the liver and it is stored in the ___

Bile, Gallbladder

The lymphatic system is compromised of

Lymph

Lymph nodes and vessels

The__________ main functions are to absorb water and electrolytes and to form and store the residue (feces).

Large intestines

The 400 different species of microorganisms living in the large intestine are called__________

Microflora

_________ are living microorganisms (usually bacteria) that provide a health benefit on the host

when consumed in adequate amounts.

Probiotics

_________ is an autoimmune disease caused by permanent sensitivity to gluten in genetically susceptible individuals.

Celiac disease

Approximately __*of all snack foods contain*__ __-____ carbohydrates__

90% of snacks contain Fermentable

The simplest carbohydrates are ___ and are absorbed without further digestion

Monosaccharides

Intact___ cannot be metabolized to the body, but can contribute to body functions after they have been digested

Disaccharides

___ are also known as polysaccharides, contain more than 10 monosaccharides

Complex carbohydrates

Most food sources of complex carbohydrates are in the form of

Cereal grains

Roots

Vegetables

Legumes

___ Is the **only** sugar that can be transported through the bloodstream and can be used to nourish all cells in the body.

Glucose

__is the **only** sugar that can be transported through the bloodstream and can be used to nourish all cells in the body.

Fructose is found naturally

___ is produced from glucose during lactation

Galactose

Name the most common sugar alcohols

Sorbitol

Xylitol

Mannitol

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The stored carbohydrate form of energy in humans is known as _________and is stored in the muscles and liver.

Glycogen

The nondigestable components of food are called __________.

Dietary fiber

__________ is a form of dietary fiber that **cannot** be digested.

Resistant starch

QThe **preferred** source of energy for the brain, CNS, RBC’s, and the lens of the eye is ___________

Glucose is the preferred source of energy for brain

Excess intake of energy from any source can result in __________(conversion of glucose to fat).

Liogenesis

Dietary fiber and functional fibers _________ transit rate of intestine; viscous fiber ________ transit time.

Accelerate

Decreases

_________ is the amount of nutrients of a food relative to the number of kilocalories provided.

Nutrient density

Fasting blood glucose of 130mg/dL or greater than 180 mg/dL a\\er eating indicates ___________; a blood glucose level less than 70 mg/dL would be indicative of _____________.

Hyperglycemia

Hypoglycemia

A fermentable carbohydrate that can reduce salivary pH to **less than 5.5** is said to be ___________

Cariogenic

The chemical removal of minerals from the tooth structure that occurs when an acidic

environment is present is called 

Dental erosion

____________ is a result of acids produced by fermentable carbohydrates combining with

acidogenic bacteria.

Demineralization

The ___________ releases small amounts of chyme from the stomach into the small intestine for digestion and absorption.

Pyloric sphincter

__________ are responsible for tissue building and repair.

Proteins

When a food provides the 9 indispensable amino acids in adequate amounts to maintain nitrogen balance and support growth it is said to be _____________

High quality protein

If the only protein source consumed will **support life but not normal growth**, it is said to be a _______________

Low-quality protein

The average protein intake for men

100g/day

The average protein intake for women

69 g/day

_________ is the **progressive loss of muscle mass and strength with aging**, a condition many

believe is normal for elderly individuals.

Sarcopenia

The amount of a nutrient available to the body after absorption indicates its’ _____________

Bioavailability

**Certain physical conditions and impaired digestion or absorption cause excessive protein loss and can cause _______________**

Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)

A progressive necrosis (degeneration or cell death) that usually manifests as a small ulcer on gingiva that can spread to produce extensive damage of lips, cheeks, and tissues covering the jaw accompanied by a foul odor is termed _______.

Noma

PEM may be a major reason for increased incidence of ______ and _______

Noma and NUG

_________ is a protein substance of connective tissue that helps to support body structures such

as skin, bones, teeth, and tendons

Collagen

_________ is characterized by degeneration and cellular death (necrosis) of the interdental papilla.

NUG

The **protein** intake of periodontal patients is important because deficiencies can compromise the physiologic systemic response to _________ and _________.

Inflammation and infection

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____________________ is the **predominant immunoglobulin** (antibody) in the oral, nasal, intestinal, and other mucosal secretions and provides the 1st line of defense in the oral cavity.

Secretory Immunoglobulin A (slgA)

The condition that can present itself when young children consume **adequate kilocalories, but inadequate high-quality protein** is called ___________(these children exhibit some fat stores and edema).

Kwashiorkor

When **both protein and kilocalories are deficient** in an infant’s diet the condition is known as _______________

Marasmus

Esophagus

transports food via peristalsis and gravity to the stomach

What prevents the food from entering the lungs

Pharynx

What regulates biochemical reactions . Filters harmful stub-stances and stores fat soluble vitamins and minerals

Liver

Helps in metabolism of macronutrients , synthesizes proteins and produces Bile

What produces bicarbonates to neutralize stomach acid, as well as secrets several digestive enzymes and INSULIN

Pancreas

Insulin regulates blood glucose

what mixes food with hydrochloric acid HCI and enzymes to aid in digestion and kill harmful bacteria

Stomach

Semi-liquid mixture is called chyme, limited absorption

What is an innvoluntary rhymic contraction

Parastalsis

And gravity that sends the food to the stomach

Proteases

Break down protein with H20 to Amino Acids

Lipases

break down fat and H2O to fatty acids plus glycerol

Amylases

Break down carbohydrates plus H20 to monosaccharides

Valves or sphincter muscles are designed to

Retain food in each segment of the digestive tract until completion of mechanical actions and digestive juices

Prevent food from backing up

Allow measured amounts of food to pass into next segment

What do the villi do in the wall of the small intestine

increase surface area to aid in digestion/ ABSORPTION and move things through

how much of flavor comes from what we smell

75%

Hypogeusia , hypergeusia

Hypo==loss of taste

Hyper -heightened sense of taste

Once the bonus passes to the Pharyx under voluntary control then;

The process becomes involuntary