Contempt 2nd prelim

FOUR KEY ATTRIBUTES OF TODAY'S GLOBAL SYSTEM

There are countries or states that are independent and govern themselves
There are countries or states that are independent and govern themselves
There are international organizations, like the United Nations (UN), that facilitate these interactions.
Beyond simply facilitating meetings between states, international organizations also take on lives of their own

The nation-state is composed of two non-interchangeable terms

NOT ALL STATES ARE NATIONS and NOT ALL NATIONS ARE STATES

State

Refers to a country and its government

(State

The institution that creates warfare and sets economic policies for a country

((State

It is also a political unit that has authority over its affairs.

Essential Elements of the State

Permanent Population, Territory, Government and Sovereignty

Permanent Population

Inhabitants of the country

Territory

total portion of the land

Government

an entity that regulates relations among its own people and with other states.

Sovereignty

supreme power/authority of the state over its territory; refers to internal and external authority

INTERNAL AUTHORITY

no individuals or groups can operate in a given national territory by ignoring the state

EXTERNAL AUTHORITY

a state's policies and procedures are independent of the intervention of other states

States have the following rights

Right to govern its people, Right for self-determination, Right to impose country's policy, Right to take over issues in its jurisdiction

The nation

An imagined political community

(The Nation

imagined as both inherently limited and sovereign 

imagined as both inherently limited and sovereign forwarded by

Benedict Anderson

Nation

are viewed as socially constructed political communities that hold together citizens across many kinds of cross-cutting identities: ethnicity, language, religions, and so forth

TREATY OF WESTPHALIA

The origin of the concept of sovereignty

(TREATY OF WESTPHALIA

the treaty signers exercise complete control over their domestic affairs and swear not to meddle in each other's affairs

The Westphalian system faced a major challenge because of

Napoleon Bonaparte

Napoleonic code

forbade birth privileges (equality), encouraged freedom of religion (liberty) and promoted meritocracy in government service (equality).

Napoleon was defeated in the

Battle of Waterloo in 1815

Concert of Europe

an alliance of "great powers"  

(Concert of Europe

is an alliance that restored the sovereignty of states

INTERNATIONALISM

A system a system of heightened interaction of various sovereign states

Internationalism can be divided into two broad categories

Liberal and Socialist internationalism

Perspectives of Liberal internationalism

Immanuel Kant, Jeremy Bentham, Giuseppe Mazzini, and Woodrow Wilson

Immanuel Kant

likened the states in a global system to  people living in a given territory.

(Immanuel Kant

argued that without a form of world government, the international system would be chaotic

((Immanuel Kant

imagined a form of global government where states, like citizens of countries, must give up some freedoms and establish a continuously growing state consisting of various nations which will ultimately include the nations of the world

Jeremy Bentham

advocated  the creation of "international law" that would govern the inter-state relations

(Jeremy Bentham

believed that objective global legislators should aim to propose legislation that would create "the greatest happiness of all nations taken together

Giuseppe Mazzini

First to reconcile nationalism with liberal internationalism

(Giuseppe Mazzini

He believed that  a Republican government  (no kings,   queens,   and hereditary succession) and proposed a system of free nations that cooperated to create an international system

((Giuseppe Mazzini

Free, independent states would be the basis of an equally free, cooperative international system, the basis of global cooperation. This makes him a nationalist internationalist

Woodrow Wilson

saw nationalism as a prerequisite for internationalism.

(Woodrow Wilson

In his faith in nationalism, he forwarded the  principle of self-determination the belief that the world's nations had a right to free, sovereign government

((Woodrow Wilson

He believed that only by being democratic nations, they would be able to build a free system of international relations based on international law and cooperation

(((Woodrow Wilson

He advocated for the creation of the League of Nations

Karl Marx

was an internationalist but he did not believe in nationalism

(Karl Marx

He believed that  any true form of internationalism should deliberately reject nationalism, which rooted people in domestic concerns instead of global ones.

((Karl Marx

opposed nationalism because they believed it preventing the unification of the world's workers

CHALLENGES POSED BY GLOBALIZATION

Traditional Challenges, Challenges from National/Identity, and Global Economics

Traditional Challenges

External Intervention / Invasion of other country

Challenges from National/Identity Movements

Confront cultural identity and/or national identity

Global Economics

It demands the state to conform to the rules

(Global Economics

imposing a forced-choice upon states: either to conform to free-market principles or run the risk of being left behind

Role of Nation-States in Globalization

affect and  shape  power relations even in the international or global arenas.

Interstate System 

a theoretical system of contending and cooperating

(Interstate System

This is generally referred to as the international system by political scientists, and it is the primary focus of the study of International Relations. 

((Interstate System

responsible  for  the  promotion  of  responsible,  sustainable,  and  universally  accessible tourism. 

Global Social Movement

spontaneous movements of people or movements that originate from massive grassroots organization

Institutions that Govern International Relations

The United Nations (UN), The International Court of Justice (ICJ), and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

The United Nations (UN)

aims at maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations and promoting social progress, better living standards and human rights

The International Court of Justice

This is a court of justice where countries can settle conflicts, as well as a location where war criminals and rulers who have done awful things to their people can be tried for their crimes

(The international court of justice

Sometimes known as the World Court.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

The  countries  in  this  group  effectively  decided  to  combine  their  military  and announce to the world that if one of its members is messed with, the other countries will come to their support

Non-Government Organizations (NGOs)

Organizations that are not affiliated with any country

The World Trade Organization (WTO)

a global organization comprised of 162 countries established with the objective of encouraging free trade

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

an economic treaty signed by the  United  States, Canada, and Mexico that allows the  three countries to trade freely without taxation.

Informationalism

a mode of development of modern society that is structured by and based on knowledge. the technical paradigm associated with computer science and modern telecommunication

Barriers to Collective Learning in the Age of Information

Slow connection, Expensive internet price, Filtered information, and Filtered information

Slow connection

one of the main barriers to collective learning as the information loads slower which cut the time to learn something

Expensive internet price

not every individual could afford an internet connection which hinders their collective learning

Filtered information

not every information is available on the internet especially if the government forbids to do so

Proliferation of fake news

the information acquired are not valid and could create confusion

Global Citizenship

the umbrella term for  social, political, environmental, and economic  actions of globally minded individuals and communities on a worldwide scale.

Globalism

is a term used to describe the trend of countries becoming increasingly interconnected and interdependent on one another

(Globalism

Proponents of globalism argue that it promotes economic growth, creates jobs, and raises living standards by allowing countries to specialize in what they do best and trade with other countries for goods and services they need

((Globalism

can threaten national sovereignty and cultural diversity by eroding local traditions and values

(Internationalism

It is characterized by a commitment to multilateralism, diplomacy, and international law

((Internationalism

promotes peace, stability, prosperity, human rights and democracy

(((Internationalism

It can be used by powerful countries to dominate weaker ones.

Globalism in the context of business

a business strategy that seeks to operate in multiple countries, with a focus on standardization and economies of scale.

Internationalism in the context of business

on the other hand, focuses on adapting to local markets and cultures, with a decentralized approach.

Globalism in the context of politics

is often associated with a more interconnected and interdependent world, with a focus on cooperation and shared values

Internationalism in the context of politics

on the other hand, emphasizes the sovereignty and autonomy of individual nations, with a focus on diplomacy and negotiation.

Globalism in the context of environment

might involve coordinated efforts to address global challenges like climate change, with a focus on shared responsibility and collective action

Internationalism in the context of environment

on the other hand, might prioritize local solutions and autonomy, with a focus on preserving national resources and ecosystems.

Exception 1: National Security

In cases where national security is at stake, globalism may not be the best approach

Exception 2: Economic Sanctions

Internationalism can also have its exceptions, particularly when it comes to economic sanctions.

Robert Bailey

According to, global governance refers to governance on a global scale.

Exception 3: Natural Disasters

While international aid can be crucial in providing relief to affected areas, it can also be limited by political tensions and logistical challenges

MAIN ORGAN OF UNITED NATIONS

1. The general assembly

2. The Security Council

3. The secretariat

4. The trusteeship council

5. The economic and social council

6. The International court of justice

THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY   

main deliberative organ, like the world parliament

The first session of the general assembly was convened on, with all 51 nations

10 January, 1946

THE SECURITY COUNCIL

charged with maintaining peace and security among countries, make binding decisions that member Governments have agreed to carry out

The decisions of the security council are known as

UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTIONS

The Security Council comprises five permanent members

United States, Britain, and France, Russia and China

THE SECRETARIAT    

is headed by the secretary-general, assisted by a staff of international civil servants worldwide

(THE SECRETARIAT

provides studies, information, and facilities also carries out tasks as directed by the UN Security Council

THE TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL  

was created to supervise the administration of 11 Trust Territories

(THE TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL  

aims in helping countries under foreign rule to attain independence

((The International Court of Justice

consists of 15 judges who are elected concurrently by the General Assembly and the Security Council

(((The International Court of Justice

It resolves legal issues and interprets international treaties

Economic and Social Council

To diminish the underlying causes of future conflicts that might lead to such threats to the peace or breach of peace

(Economic and Social Council

It recommends and directs activities aimed at, among others, promoting economic growth of developing countries

ECOSOC

Economic and Social Council

ILO, FAO, UNESCO, WHO and IBRD

International Labour Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations Education Scientific Cultural Organization, World Health Organization and International Bank Reconstruction and Development- the World Bank

UNCTAD, ITC, UNDP, UNCDF and UNV

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, International Trade Centre, United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Capital Development Fund and United Nations Volunteers