Euro review

Humanism

The belief that humans have the ability to master the world god gave them

Petrach, Michelangelo, Leonardo da vinci, Botticelli

Who is associated with humanism

Northern renaissance

Humanism outside Italy, christian humanism

Erasmus, Thomas Moore

Who is associated with northern renaissance

Patrons

Princes and popes, concerned with enhancing their prestige, commissioned art and architecture

catholic church, the medici family

2 major patrons in renaissance

Realism

Art that represents the subject matter truthfully

Perspective

Technique for creating allusion of 3 dimensions

individualism

Use to emphasize the individual

themes

Fundamental idea of art

Education

humanism emphasized this, they built universities and new technologies

God Glory Gold

Motives for exploration

Prince Henry the navigator

He sponsored the first Portuguese fleets to explore the west coast of Africa

Vasco Da Gama

Portuguese origin, first European to reach India by sea

Hernando Cortez

Spaniard who conquered the aztec empire

Bartolome de las casas

A priest and historian who protested against the cruel treatment of the natives

1492-1648

the renaissance and reformation time period

Gutenberg

German inventor who invented the printing press

Vernacular

Everyday language

Secular

Non religious

Ferdinand and Isabella

Rulers of Spain who sponsored Columbus’s voyage

Erasmus

Dutch christian humanist who was the greatest scholar of the northern renaissance

Thomas Moore

English humanist, contemporary of Erasmus, write UTOPIA, condemned government as corrupt

King Henry VII of England

King of England who was the first monarch of the house of Tudor

War of the roses

Series of english civil war for the control of the throne

Henry VIII

Second Tudor monarch who created the anglican church

Elizabeth I

English queen and politique who united protestants and catholics through compromise

politique

Those in power who put the success and the well being of their state over all else

german peasant revolt of 1525

to gain freedom from oppression by nobles and landlords

Miguel Cervantes

Spanish writer who is regarded as the greatest Spanish writer, wrote Don Quixote

Philip II of spain

Ruler of Spain who defeated the ottoman forces, catholic

Great Schism

Split between the eastern orthodox church and the roman catholic church

Pope Julius II

Warrior pope, headed the catholic church and commissioned Michelangelo to pain the sistine chapel

Indulgences

way to reduce the amount of punishment one has to undergo for sins

Simony

The selling of church offices

theocracy

A system of government in which priests rule in the name of god

huguenots

french protestants

95 theses

Martin Luther write this because of the selling of indulgences he though was unjust and a scam for money

Wittenberg Castle Church October 31 1517

Where and when was 95 theses written

predestination

the belief that all events have been willed by god

Germany, England, France

Where was calvinism

Calvinists donts

Consume alcohol, play cards, dance, use instrumental music

Goal of counter reformation

to increase the power of the catholic church

Council of Trent

the formation of the society of Jesus was deciding

Henry VIII break with catholic church

To annul his marriage with Catherine of Aragon

beliefs of church of england

Belief in holy trinity, belief in the book of common prayer, scripture reason and tradition

Goals of loyola jesuit order

to spread catholicism into the world

mannerism

Dark colors, distorted figures, religious

El Greco

famous mannerist artist

Turks, french, and german

Problems charles V encountered

Peace of Augsburg

Allowed german princes to determine the religious of their state in 1555

split Austria and spain

How did charles V divide his kingdom

War of the 3 henrys

Final war over religion in France

Catherine de medici

She planned the barthomomews day massacre, was unpopular

Bartholomews day Massacre

Thousands of huguenots died at the wedding of henry of navarre

Henry VI goals

also known as henry of Navarre, to promote Protestantism in France and published the edict of Nantes

Edict of Nantes

Ended the war by granting official tolerance to protestantism

30 year war

religious conflicts between catholics and protestants

defenestration of Prague

Protestants threw catholics out of the window

to defend themselves from other countries

Why did france join the 30 year war

central europe

Where was most destruction from the 30 year war contentrated

peace of Westphalia

ended the 30 year war

Absolute monarchy

Monarch has supreme or absolute power over the country, no higher law

constitutional monarchy

laws outlined in a constitution place limits on the power of the king or queen, monarch is only a figurehead

Divine right theory

Kings derived their authority from god and could not therefore be held accountable for their actions by any authority

form of economic nationalism that sought to increase the prosperiyu and power of a nation through restrictive trade practices

habeas corpus a

law through which a person can report an unlawful detention or imprisonment to a court and request custodian to determine it the punishment is lawful

petition of right

english constitutional document setting out specific indivisual protections against the state

oa

member of parliament well versed in its procedure and experienced in debate

house of lords

upper house of english parliament

house of commons

lower house of english parliament

jean Baptiste colbert

Fist statesman who served as first minister f state economic advisor to louis XIV

Cardinal Richelieu

set cornerstone of french absolutism during louis XIII considered the first prime minister in history

1715-1774

when was louis XIV

1672-1725

when was peter the great

1740-1786

when was fredrick the great

glorious revolution

nearly bloodless war

Michelangelo and giulio romano

mannerism artists

geocentric view

earth centered view of the universe in which scholars believed that earth was immovable object located in center of universe

1500-1789

scientific revolution dates

zacharais janssen

who invented the microscope

isaac newton

who invented the calculus

hands lipperhey

who invented the modern telescope

andreas vesalius

who invented the anatomy studies

edward jenner

who invented the smallpox inoculation

william harvey

who invented the heart function

Johannes Kepler

who invented the eliptical path of planets

Galileo Galilee

who invented the scientific method

copernicus

propsed the heliocentric theory that put sun in the center

brahe

observed a supernova and proved universe is NOT unchanging

keepler

used simle math to formulate three laws of planetary motion and discovered eleptical path around sun

descartes

developed rules for deductive reasoning

columbian exchange

The process by which commodities, people, and diseases crossed the Atlantic, goods such as potatoes tomatoes corn tobaco etc

factors of production

increased labor, land productivity, and enclosure in the 18th century

Enclosure act

it blocked off a food source for many open range commoners and forced them to move to the city for jobs

Jethro Tull

impacted agriculture by making a horse drawn seed drill and horse drawn hoe which made farming more efficient and needed less workers

Dutch golden age art

they had grandeur, richness, drama, movement, and tension

Netherlands rebel against spanish authority

High taxation, unemployment, and calvinist fears of catholic persecution

republican form

type of dutch government in 1600s

views on society

dutch government allowed minorities that had been repressed by the catholic absolutist to live freely in the dutch republic