Embryology MIDTERM

What are some tissues that originate from the mesoderm

Bone, Blood and Muscle

What is the cellular component that facilitates protein production

Ribosomes

What cellular component produces ATP which is used for intracellular energy

Mitochondria

What is the name of the chemical that is known as the second messenger

CAMP

It transmits information to the intracellular organelles when activated by surface receptors on the plasma membrane

What is the phase in the cell cycle where DNA synthesis is complete

S phase

What phase in the cell cycle known as the initial resting phase

G1 phase

The ovum implants in the layer and is nourished here as well

Endometrium,

what type of muscle possess intercalated disks

Cardiac muscle tissue

What is the ideal number of chromosomes

46

Where are immune cells produced?

T cells, B cells, NK cells, and macrophages

BONE MARROW

What cells support the nervous system

Neuroglial cells

Buccal mucosa will renew itself in how many days

10-14 days

What is the term used to describe a single layer of cells

Simple

How many days does it take for junctional epithelium to replenish itself

4 to 6 days

How does the epithelial tissue renew itself

Epithelial tissue regenerates through the mitosis of the BASAL CELLS

What layer of stratified epithelium is in contact with the basal lamina

Basal cell layer

Impulses from the periphery of the body to the CNS are conducted through which system

Afferent

Sensations received from anywhere in the body are relayed to

CNS Brain and Spinal cord

What body system relies on neural stimuli to function

Endocrine system

Internal organs receive most of their neural impulses form which nervous system

Autonomic nervous sytem

Internal organs receive their neural impulses

Name the parts of a neuron

AXON- conducts nerve impulse away form the perikaryon

Dendrite- Receives nerve impulses

Perikaryon- cell body

What is the covering that insulates the axon located outside of the CNS

Myelin sheath

Name the tissue that ligaments and tendons are composed of

Dense connective tissue

What are the three types of cartlidge

Hyaline, Elastic and Fibrous

What organs make up the lymphatic system

Thymus, Lymph nodes and SPLEEN

The function of the integumentary system

Protect against invasion of foreign materials

Excretion of waste products (co2, H2O, salts and urea)

Eliminates heat through perspiration

Receive stimuli from outside the body to monitor temp, pressure and environmental influences

Define synchondrosis

An articulation in which new cartilage is formed in the center of the suture and peripheral cartilage is transformed into bone

Name the type of bone that protects the bone

Membrane (flat) bones protect the brian

During the first 20 weeks the prenatal mandible articulates with what bones

MALLEUS

INCUS

What structures arise form the 1st pharyngeal arch which is the mandibular arch

Muscles of mastication

Maxilla and mandible

Nerves and blood supply

Maxillary tissues that form the cheek

Name the muscles of mastication

Temporalis

Masseter

Lateral and medial pterygoid

what weeks does the prenatal face develop

4-7 weeks

The 2nd pharyngeal arch is also known as

Hyoid arch

Which branchial arch does the thymus gland arise from

3rd branchial arch

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What branchial arch form the hyoid bone

2nd and 3rd hyoid arch

What is the name of the primitive mouth

Stomodeum

name the bones that suppport the palatine shelf

MAXILLARY

Meckel’s cartilage articulates with the developing middle ear bones to form the primary TMJ. It is also the supporting Cartilage for the developing…

Mandible

The common carotid arteries arise form which pharyngeal arch

3rd Pharyngeal arch

Common carotid arteries

The inferior parathyroid develops from which pharyngeal pouch

3rd pharyngeal pouch

Parathyroid

the ultimobranchial body is the origin of which hormone

Calcitonin

what week does the prenatal heart begin beating

End of the 4th week

what significant change occurs in the 5th prenatal week

The bilateral placodes begin to develop into nostrils

what muscle grows around the oral pit during the 6th prenatal week of development

Orbicularis oris

What factors are associated with palatal and facial clefting

Genetic and environmental factors

The thyroid gland descends to the trachea and is attached to the

Thyroglossal duct

the margining of adjacent tissues during orofacial development is called

Fusion

A swelling that opens on the surface of the neck would be called

Thyroglossal fistula

where can clefting occur

Palate, lip and mandible

After what week in prenatal development is the fear of cleft LIP no longer a worry

7th week because the lip has fused together

What week does the palate develop

5th to 7th week of gestation

Auricular hillocks develop near the

External Ear Canal

the human species posses 2 sets of dentition and are therefore known as

Diphyodont

the supporting structures of teeth are

cementum , alveolar bone and periodontal ligament

the stages of tooth development are

Bud, cap and bell

Dentinogenesis and amelogenesis

Crown formation

Root formation and eruption

Function

What happens to the epithelial diaphragm during root development

It surrounds the apical opening of the dental pulp during root development

what forms from the dental lamina

20 primary teeth

Permanent teeth that follow the primary teeth develop from

Successional lamina

what determines the size, shape and number of roots during Root formation

Hertwig’s Epithelial Root Sheath (HERS)

The function of the outer epithelial cells is to

Organize a network of capillaries that will bring nutrition to the ameloblastsq

A fused layer of ameloblasts, epithelium and stratum intermedium that will cover the enamel until eruption is called

Reduced enamel epithelium

At what stage and where do Tome’s processess appear in tooth formation

Secretory stage of differentiation

Apical end of ameloblasts

What connects the pulp tissue to the periodontal ligament

Accessory canals

After the enamel organ differentiates, what happens to the dental lamina

The dental lamina degenerates

the organic layer that is secreted on the surface of enamel by ameloblasts is

Primary cuticle

What is the complex that attaches one ameloblast to another

Desmosome

5 functional stages of ameloblast differentiation

Morphogenesis

Organization and differentiation

Secretion

Maturation

Protection

A fusion of roots is called

Ankylosis

What initiates the 1st step in root formation

Proliferation of the epithelial root sheath

Which of the permanent teeth develop without a primary predessesor

Molarst

The functional eruption phase of tooth eruption includes

Occlusal contact

They also undergo functional eruptive movements to compensate for the growth of the jaw and occlusal wear of enamel

The permanent molars that develop distal to primary teeth are described as

Accessional

The period of tooth development that contains both primary and permanent teeth is called

Mixed dentition period

What structure increases the surface area of osteoclasts

Ruffled border

Clinically, how can we recognize tooth eruption

Blanched of tissue

As ameloblasts migrate they produce

Enamel rods

Incremental lines are the result of

Rythmic deposition

growth lines that are visible as ridges on the surface of enamel are called

Perikymata

Often mistaken for calculus

The third arch vessels become the arteries that supply the neck, face and brain, these vessels are known as the

Common carotid arteries

After 7 weeks the circulation to the face and neck shifts from the internal carotid to the external carotid. The internal carotid continues to supply blood to the growing

BRAIN

The contact point of the malleus and incus (meckl’s cartilage) is the articulation of the lower jaw for how long

20 weeks of prenatal life

TMJ becomes functional at 20 weeks

Syndesmosis articulation

Fibrous joint in which opposing surfaces are untied by fibrous connective tissue

Facial bones, ankle, skull sutures

What is the fibrous union of tooth to tooth socket

gomphosis

synchondrosis articulation

Union of 2 bones separated by cartilage

New cartilage is formed in the center of the suture while cartilage is transformed into bone on the periphery

Synostosis articulation

bone to bone union

Mental protuberance, pubic symphysis and mid-palatal suture

when do the palatal processes begin to close

At the 8th week

What is the critical time in which environmental factors can play a role in facial/palatal malformation

The period before the 5th week

At the 6th week the medial nasal process is called the

Philtrum

6 small areas of tissue from around the external auditory canal called the

Auricular hillocks which form the outer ear

What three structures will grow and fuse to form the palate

Anterior wedge-shaped medial process

Two lateral process

What week does the palatal shelf elevation occur

Week 8

What pharyngeal arches is the tongue formed

1st arch forms the anterior movable body

2nd or 3rd arches form the immovable base of the tongue

what tissues form the tongue

Tuberculum impar

Two lateral swellings

What forms Waldyer’s tonsillar ring

Lingual tonsil

Palatine tonsils

Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)

what gland develops from the Foramen cecum

Thyroid gland

what what month of prenatal life does the thyroid gland become functional

By the end of the 3rd motnh

What are the three segments of the upper lip

Medial nasal process

Two lateral maxillary processes

What is the nasal fin

The zone of epithelial contact of the medial nasal and maxillary processes during development

Name the four primary tissue types

Neural tissue, epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue

NEVER EVER CALL ME

Neural tissue is divided into two types

CNS, PNS