Plant Cells

Type of cells that are generally larger and have more complex structures

Eukaryotic cells

Genetic material of eukaryotes is located in

Membrane-bounded nucleus

Type of cells that are genetically smaller and simpler

Prokaryotic cells

Prokaryotic cells lack

Nucleus and other membrane-bounded organelles

Protects the cell from its surrounding environment

Plasma membrane

Semi-permeable and regulates the materials that enter and exit the cell

Plasma membrane

True or false: The cells of all living things have plasma membranes

True

Also known as the control center of the cell

Nucleus

Serves as an archive or permanent storage place for the organism's genetic information

Nucleus

All information must be stored in the _______ inside every nucleus

DNA

Carries out information retrieval by making copies of specific parts of the DNA whenever needed

Nucleus

The copy of DNA

messenger RNA

The nucleus of a eukaryotic cell is surrounded by

nuclear envelope

Nuclear envelope consists of a _____________ and _________________ membrane

inner and outer membrane

Separates nuclear material from the rest of the cell

Nuclear envelope

Numerous small holes located in the nuclear envelope

Nuclear pores

Involved in the transport of material between the nucleus and the rest of the protoplasm

Nuclear pores

Region within the nucleus

Nucleolus

Substance within the nucleus; provide structural support for the chromatin in the form of a gel-like environment

Nucleoplasm

Nuclear DNA is always closely associated with _____________________

Histones

Complex of DNA and histones

Chromatin

True or false: As a cell ages or its metabolic activities change, the nucleus and nucleoplasm remains the same.

False (it also changes)

Often appears to be empty because they store mostly water and salts that cannot be preserve for microscopy

Vacuoles

Also known as the vacuole membrane, the single membrane around the vacuole

Tonoplast

As a cell grows and enlarges, what happens to the vacuoles?

They expand and merge

Why does the central vacuole expand rapidly, forcing the cell to grow rapidly?

Because it contains primarily water and salts

Where do water-soluble pigments in many flowers, fruits, and red beets occur in?

Vacuoles

True or false: the central vacuole is a digestive organelle

True

As other organelles age and become impaired, they fuse with the __________________ and are transporated into the ___________________, where digestive enzymes break them down

tonoplast, central vacuole

True or false: The liberated monomers are transported back into the rest of the cell, where they are used again.

True

In animal cells, which do not have central vacuoles, the task of breaking down cell debris is carried out by small vacuoles called

lysosomes

If the nucleus and vacuole are excluded from the protoplasm, the remaining material is referred to as

Cytoplasm

The gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell.

Cytoplasm

It is composed of water, salts, and various organic molecules.

Cytoplasm

What intracellular organelles are enclosed by membranes that separate them from the cytoplasm?

nucleus and mitochondria

It is responsible for holding the components of the cell and protects them from damage.

Cytoplasm

It stores the molecules required for cellular processes and is also responsible for giving the cell its shape.

Cytoplasm

Also known as the powerhouse of the cell

mitochondria

Also known as the powerhouse of the cell

Mitochondria

True or false: Cells store energy as highly energetic and fairly reactive compounds, such as sugars and starches

False (cells are fairly UNREACTIVE)

Organelles that carry out cellular respiration

Mitochondria

Mitochondrial membranes are folded, forming large sheets or tubes known as

Cristae

True or false: Cristae provides room for large numbers of enzymes

True

Mitochondrial membrane that is freely permeable

Outer membrane

Mitochondrial membrane that is selectively permeable, has numerous pumps and channels, and which forms the cristae

Inner membrane

True or false: Mitochondria have their own DNA and ribosomes which are different from the rest of the cell

True

A circular molecule and lacks histones located in the mitochondria

Mitochondrial DNA

True or false: Ribosomes of mitochondria are small and resemble those found in prokaryotes

True

Group of dynamic organelles able to perform many functions

Plastids

Photosynthesis is carried out by what plastids

Chloroplasts or green plastids

Types of metabolism that occur in other classes of plastids

a) synthesis

b) storage

c) export of specialized lipid molecules

d) storage of carbohydrates and iron

e) formation of colors in some flower and fruits

Plastids have how many membranes

Two (inner and outer)

The inner fluid in plastids is called

Stroma

Plastids of young, rapidly dividing cells are called

Proplastids

True or false: Inner membrane of plastids has a few folds but large surface area

False (little surface area)

When exposed to light, proplastids develop into ________________

chloroplasts

Photosynthetic pigment that gives the color green in plants

Chlorophyll

Membrane sheets that project into the stroma

Thylakoids

Chlorophyll has a __________________ tail

lipid-soluble

Stack of small bag-like vesicles that is formed from thylakoids in certain regions

Granum (singular) Grana (plural)

The actual conversion of carbon dioxide to carbohydrate occurs in the __________________, catalyzed by enzymes free in solution rather than bound to any of the membranes

Stroma

Store starch, considered to be leucoplasts

Amyloplasts

Carry out photosynthesis

Chloroplasts

Contain abundant colored lipids; in flowers and fruits

Chromoplasts

A specific stage in the transformation of proplastids to chloroplasts; occur when tissues are grown without light

Etioplasts

Colorless plastids; synthesize lipids and other materials

Leucoplasts

Small, undifferentiated plastids

Proplastids

Immersed in the protoplasm that are responsible for protein synthesis

Ribosomes

Complex aggregates of three molecules of RNA (ribosomal RNA)

Ribosomes

Ribosomes have approximately how many types of protein that associate and form two subunits

50 types

Each molecule of messenger RNA is long enough for _____ to ________ ribosomes to attach to it and read it simultaneously

6 to 10

Ribosomes are bound together by the messenger RNA, forming a cluster called ______________

polysome

Organelle where a large portion of a cell's ribosomes are attached to

Rough ER

If the protein is a __________ product (such as seeds of legumes), it merely remains in the ER which may become quite swollen

storage product

If the protein is to be secreted (digestive enzymes, adhesive proteins) then its accumulation causes regions of the ER to form

vesicles

ER that lacks ribosomes and is involved in LIPID SYNTHESIS and MEMBRANE ASSEMBLY

Smooth ER

True or false: Lipids range from simple to extremely complex, as they are produced, they are inserted into the membrane, and then vesicles form and pinch off, carrying the new membrane to other parts of the cell

True

It is abundant only in cells that produce large amounts of fatty acids (cutin and wax on epidermal cells), oils (palm oil, coconut oil, and safflower oil), and fragrances of many flowers

SER (Smooth Endoplastic Reticulum)

Can form large, complex associations

Dictyosomes

A cup-shaped structure formed when hundreds of dictyosomes associate side by side in animal cells that secrete very large amounts of protein

Golgi body or golgi apparatus

In the Golgi body, the dictyosomes' maturing faces are on the ___________ side of the cup, whereas the forming faces and associated ER are on the __________________

inside (maturing faces), outside (forming faces)

True or false: If the vesicle is to remain separate from all other organelles, acting as a storage vesicle, the membranes of the Golgi body must be made unique and capable of fusion

False (incapable of fusion)

These are so nondescript that it is not easy to tell exactly what they are

ER vesicles, dictyosome vesicles, or distinct organelles

How can we determine the contents and even the types of reactions in these nondescript bodies?

By using special chemical reactions and stains

Small cell organelles bounded by single membrane which absorb molecular oxygen and take part in oxidations other than those involved in respiration.

Microbodies

2 classes of microbodies

peroxisomes and glyoxysomes

Both peroxisomes and glyoxysomes isolate reactions that either produce or use the dangerous compound peroxide, _______________________

H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide)

Most of the volume of cytoplasm is a clear substance called

Cytosol

Also known as cytosol

Hyaloplasm

It is mostly water, enzymes, and numerous chemical precursors, intermediates, and products of enzymatic reactions.

Cytosol

Ribosomes that are not attached to the ER

Free ribosomes

Within cytosol are free ribosomes and skeletal structures such as ____________ and ______________

microtubules and microfilaments

This is a network of fibers that extends throughout the cytoplasm and provides structure to a eukaryotic cell which is important for CELL MOVEMENT

Cytoskeleton

2 types of fibers in the cytoskeleton

microfilaments and microtubules

Makes up the spindle, a special structure that moves chromosome during cell division

Microtubules

True or false: Other microtubules are a part of flagella and cilia

True

Hairlike extensions of certain cells that aid in LOCOMOTION

Cilia

True or false: Flagella are shorter than cilia and occur in smaller numbers.

False (Flagella are longer)

They are never associated with the cells of flowering plants, but they are important structures in algae and in male reproductive cells of other plants

Flagella and cilia

True or false: Many cells exist in an environment in which resources alternate between abundance and scarcity

True