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Thomas Jefferson

3rd president, wrote declaration of independence, Louisiana purchase, Virginia delegate

Alexander Hamilton

leader of the Federalists,1st Secretary of the Treasury, national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt

Edmund Genet

French diplomat, hoped to persuade America it to declare war in Britain,endangered American neutrality in the war between France and Britain, and he was eventually stopped when both the American and French wanted him to.

Virginia Plan

Virginia delegate James Madison's plan of government, in which states got a number of representatives in Congress based on their population (bicameral legislature)

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Quorum

minimum number of members necessary to conduct a meeting

Laissez-faire

the doctrine that government should not interfere in commercial/economic affairs

Aaron Burr

He is chiefly remembered as the man who killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel in 1804. In the Election of 1800, he received the same number of votes as Thomas Jefferson. With no clear winner, the Constitution provided that the House of Representatives elect one of the two highest vote getters. Hamilton's influence helped secure the election of Jefferson for president. As vice president, he engaged in a scheme to establish several states in what was then the western United States as an independent country. This plan to help these areas secede from the United States was a treasonable offense and almost resulted in his conviction in 1807.

Marbury vs Madison

Case in which the supreme court first asserted the power of Judicial review in finding that the congressional statue expanding the Court's original jurisdiction was unconstitutional

John Marshall

1755-1835. U.S. Chief Supreme Court Justice. Oversaw over 1000 decisions, including Marbury v Madison and McCulloch v. Maryland.

Writ of Mandamus

Court order directing an official to perform an official duty

William Henry Harrison

was an American military leader, politician, the 9th President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

1804-1806 - Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were commissioned by Jefferson to map and explore the Louisiana Purchase region. Beginning at St. Louis, Missouri, the expedition travelled up the Missouri River to the Great Divide, and then down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. It produced extensive maps of the area and recorded many scientific discoveries, greatly facilitating later settlement of the region and travel to the Pacific coast.

York

The African American slave who explored the Louisiana Purchase with Lewis and Clark. Became a celebrity with the Native-Americans who had never seen a black man before.

Sacajawea

native american woman who served as a guide an interpreter for the lewis and clark expedition

Piracy

the act of plagiarizing, robbery on the high seas

James Fennimore Cooper

a prolific and popular American writer, He wrote many sea-stories, historical novels and Romantic Novels, "The last of the Mohicans" and "Leatherstocking Tales"

Washington Irving

American writer remembered for the stories "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," contained in The Sketch Book (1819-1820).

Herman Melville

American writer whose experiences at sea provided the factual basis of Moby-Dick (1851), considered among the greatest American novels

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Originally a transcendentalist; later rejected them and became a leading anti-transcendentalist. He was a descendant of Puritan settlers. The Scarlet Letter shows the hypocrisy and insensitivity of New England puritans by showing their cruelty to a woman who has committed adultery and is forced to wear a scarlet "A".

Barbary Pirates

Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa; President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations

Black Hawk

Sauk leader who in 1832 led Fox and Sauk warriors against the United States (1767-1838)

Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry

-Built a small fleet, and was in charge of meeting up with the British, American naval officer who won the battle of Lake Erie

Embargo Act

Act that forbade the export of goods from the U.S. in order to hurt the economies of the warring nations of France and Britain. The act slowed the economy of New England and the south. The act was seen as one of many precursors to war.

Frigates

warships

Battle of New Orleans

Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans on January 8, 1815; the War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S.

Francis Scott Key

United States lawyer and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812. The poem later became the Star Spangled Banner.

Robert Fulton

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)

Internal Improvements

The program for building roads, canals, bridges, and railroads in and between the states. There was a dispute over whether the federal government should fund internal improvements, since it was not specifically given that power by the Constitution.

Erie Canal

an artificial waterway connecting the Hudson river at Albany with Lake Erie at Buffalo

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

National Road

first federal interstate road, built between 1811 and 1838 and stretching from Cumberland, Maryland, to Vandalia, Illinois.

Rush-Bagot Agreement

limited number of warships on great lakes

Textile

of or relating to fabrics or fabric making

emigration

migration from a place (especially migration from your native country in order to settle in another)

closed shop

a company that hires only union members

industrial revolution

the change in social and economic organization that resulted from the replacement of hand tools with machines and from development of large scale industrial production

samuel slater

British immigrant, cotton mill, textile factory

labor unions

an organization formed by workers to strive for better wages and working conditions

andrew jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

john quincy adams

Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.

martin van buren

Served as secretary of state during Andrew Jackson's first term, vice president during Jackson's second term, and won the presidency in 1836 (8th president)

northwest ordinance

law that established procedure for admission of new states to the union

american colonization society

founded to encourage black emigration

liberia

a West African nation founded in 1822 by the American Colonization Society to serve as a homeland for free blacks to settle

cotton gin

a machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793

tallmadge amendment

missouri statehood bill, required missouri to gradually free its slaves

missouri compromise

series of laws enacted in 1820 to maintain balance of power between slave and free states

favorite son

a politician favored mainly in his or her home state

dark horse

a political candidate who is not well known but could win unexpectedly

henry clay

Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however., United States politician responsible for the Missouri Compromise between free and slave states (1777-1852)

mudslinging

attempt to ruin an opponent's reputation with insults

spoils system

the practice of winning candidates rewarding their supporters with government jobs

trail of tears

the routes along which cherokee people were forcibly removed from Georgia to the indian territory in 1838 with thousands of cherokee dying along the way

pocket veto

a bill fails to become law because the president did not sign it within ten days before Congress adjourns

nullification

a states refusal to recognize an act of congress that it consider unconstitutional

compact

a signed written agreement between two or more parties (nations) to perform some action

panic of 1837

a US financial crisis in which banks closed and credit system collapsed, resulting in bankruptcies and unemployment

platform

a series of statements expressing the party's principles, beliefs, and positions on election issues

whigs

members of political party formed in 1834 to oppose policies of Andrew Jackson

socialism

an economic and political system based on government ownership of business and property and equal distribution of wealth

democrats

their philosophy war the stamp of Andrew Jackson, believing the federal government should be limited in power, except to a degree that it worked to eliminate social and economic arrangements that entrenched privilege and stifled equal opportunity.

national republicans

After the 1824 election, part of the Democratic - Republican party joined John Q. Adams, Clay, and Daniel Webster to oppose Andrew Jackson. They favored nationalistic measures like recharter of the Bank of the United States, high tariffs, and internal improvements at national expense. They were supported mainly by Northwesterners and were not very successful. They were conservatives alarmed by Jackson's radicalness; they joined with the Whigs in the 1830's.

Franchise

business that has bought right ti use parent companys name and methods

horace mann

1st secretary of massachusetts board of education, leader in public school reform movement

hudson rivers school

American painters, Painted Scenery instead of portraits, Hudson River

Horace Greeley

An American newspaper editor and founder of the Republican party. His New York Tribune was America's most influential newspaper 1840-1870. Greeley used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties, as well as antislavery and a host of reforms.

samuel morse

new england artist, created the telegraph

seneca falls convention

a womens rights convention held in seneca falls, NY in 1848

dorothea dix

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.

elizabeth cady stanton

A member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal."

lyceum

a public hall for lectures and concerts

oberlin

in 1837 was the first college or university (Ohio) to offer education to both women and men.

underground railroad

system of routes along which runaway slaves were helped to escape to Canada or to safe areas in the free state

frederick douglass

one of the most prominent african american figures in the abolitionist movement. escaped from slavery in maryland. he was a great thinker and speaker. published his own antislavery newspaper called the north star and wrote an autobiography that was published in 1845.

william lloyd garrison

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

abolitionists

people in favor of the movement to end slavery

checks and balances

a system in which each branch had different duties, so none were dominant

XYZ affair

incident in which french officials demanded a bribe from US diplomats

Judiciary act

law that established federal court system and \# supreme court justices, provided appeal of certain state court decisions to federal courts

judicial review

supreme courts power to declare an act of congress unconstitutional

Louisiana Purchase

the 1803 purchase by US of France's Louisiana territory extending from Mississippi river to rocky mountains for $15 million

tecumseh

shawnee chief believed natives had to protect homeland against white settlers by forming confederacy-united native american nation

war hawks

one of the members of congress who favored war with britain in early years of 19th century

impressment

the forcible seizure of men for military service

treaty of ghent

treaty that ended war of 1812

the great silence

congress will ignore anti-slavery petitions

the liberator

run by william lloyd garrison

harriet tubman

leader of underground railroad, help slaves escape

oregon trail

pioneer trail that began in missouri and crossed the great plains into the oregon country; emigrant trail

shakers

American religious sect devoted to the teachings of Ann Lee Stanley, prohibited marriage and sexual relationships

temperance

an organized effort to prevent the drinking of alcoholic beverages

brook farm

A transcendentalist Utopian experiment, put into practice by transcendentalist former Unitarian minister George Ripley at a farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, at that time nine miles from Boston. The community, in operation from 1841 to 1847, was inspired by the socialist concepts of Charles Fourier. Fourierism was the belief that there could be a utopian society where people could share together to have a better lifestyle.

transcendentalism

believe in pulling away from society and being one with nature

mormons

member of church founded by joseph smith and his associates

joseph smith

founder of the mormons

brigham young

Leader of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (sometimes called the "Mormon Church") following the martyrdom of Joseph Smith (in 1844). He led the Mormons from Illinois to Utah. Sometimes called "The Mormon Moses."

james k. polk

president in March 1845. wanted to settle oregon boundary dispute with britain. wanted to aquire California. wanted to incorperate Texas into union.

guadalupe hidalgo

Treaty which ended the Mexican War; Mexico recognized Texas as part of the U. S. and the Rio Grande as the border between the nations; Mexico also gave up the Mexican Cession; U.S. agreed to protect the 80,000 Mexicans living in Texas and the Mexican Cession