History Test 2

Dr. Weist exam 2

Romulus and Remus

Founders of the city of Rome in Roman Mythology. Twins who were raised by a wolf.

Etruscans

People from the North who conquered the city of Rome and passed Greek culture, religion, and government to the Latins (pre romans)

Tiber River

A river where Rome was founded, also held the meeting place of the Latin tribes.

Patricians

The rich and privileged class in the city of Rome ruled by the Etruscans

Plebians

The working class of the city of Rome, anyone who was not a patrician.

Senate

A counsel that advises the Etruscan King, only represents the wealthy.

Consul

Two heads of Senate, made law and commanded armies, could veto each other

Tribal Assembly

The representative body of the Plebians

Tribune

The consuls of the tribal assembly

Veto

I forbid, I reject. A way for consuls or tribunes to block the action of the other if they did not agree with it.

Law of the 12 Tables

A law that is equal for all people

Carthage

A North African Empire, built on trade and paid mercenaries unlike Rome.

2nd Punic War

Deadliest of Punic wars, Hannibal crosses the Alps and invades Italy.

Hannibal Barca

Great war leader of Carthage, famously crossed the Alps in winter to suprise attack Rome

Hasdrubal Barca

Hannibal’s Brother, planned to meet Hannibal to invade Rome together, but the Roman general found out his plan and killed him before they could meet up.

Fabius

Roman general, delayed and evaded the carthagenians.

Battle of Cannae

Romans have 80,000 men, and Hannibal has 50,000. Uses crescent shaped warfare to destroy the Romans and only loses 6,000 of his own men.

Battle of Metarus River

Hasdrubal is coming to meet up with Hannibal, but General Nero hears of it and surprise attacks Hasdrubal, killing him.

General Nero

Famously kills Hasdrubal in the battle of Metarus river, a great general.

Tiberius Gracchus (and disappearance of small landowner)*

Because of Hannibal destroying the Roman countryside, small landowners were disappearing. This Tribune passed laws taking land from the rich and gave it back to the poor. For this he was assassinated.

Marius

Leader of the Plebian Army to fight in the Middle East in the first Roman civil war

Sulla

Leader of the Patrician Army to fight in the Middle East in the first Roman civil war

Pompey

A great and ruthless general who conquered the holy land, he trained Julius Caesar, but when Caesar became more powerful than him he called him back to Rome to kill him, but was killed by Ceaser instead. This is known as Roman Civil war 2

Julius Caeser

Conquered Gaul(France), was called back to Rome by Pompey, but he brought his army and started Roman Civil War 2, which he won. Also Created the Roman Calendar and passed laws in support of the poor.

Octavian (Augustus)

Caesar’s nephew, hunts down Caesars assassins and kills them. Takes over Rome with Marc Antony.

Marc Antony

Rules Rome with Octavian. He rules over the Egyptian area of Rome but falls in love with Cleopatra, Octavian worries that he will give parts of Rome to Cleopatra and starts Roman Civil War 3.

Cleopatra

An Egyptian Pharaoh, Marc Antony falls in love with her.

Caligula

Emperor after Augustus, is insane, gives a horse a seat in the senate, makes Romans fight each other to the death for fun.

Emperor Nero

Emperor after Caligula, blames all of his troubles on the Christians. Murdered his Mother, killed Christians for fun, and did many more evil things.

Circus Maximus

Largest sporting venue in history, chariot racing stadium.

Herod the Great

Jewish King from 37 BC to 4 BC, ordered all newborn boys to be killed in hopes to kill Christ so he wouldn’t take his place.

Pontius Pilate

Roman Governor, was in charge of Christ’s Crucifixtion.

Jesus of Nazereth

Born around 5BC, lived 33 years spreading the new covenant, he threatened Roman rule and was killed for it.

St. Peter

One of Jesus’ followers, said that only Jews should be taught of the new faith

St. Paul

One of Jesus’ followers, said that Christianity should be shared to everyone

Universal Faith

Religion of the world, if you don’t believe it or know about it you will go to hell. Because of this Christians are supposed to tell everyone about it so that it is not their fault when you go to hell.

Reasons why Rome prosecuted Christians

They refused to worship the emperor, had their own laws and their own churches (cult within a state), they were evangelical (they go out and witness?), they are a universal religion

Advantages Christians had in Rome that helped them rise

Rome had no religion, Roman philosophies had room for a higher being, promised an afterlife, based on a real person, had a book, and Christians persevered in the face of adversity.

Constantine

The first Christian Emperor of Rome, Rome was crumbling so he used Christianity as a tool to hold Rome together, passed the Edict of Milan.

Edict of Milan

Document that legalized Christianity in Rome.

Theodosius

Roman Emperor, makes Christianity the only legal religion in Rome.

Bishop

Runs a diocese

Diocese

A collection of parishes

Priest

Runs a Parish

Parish

Local church communities, these could be compared to counties in the United States

Petrine Doctrine

The belief that Christ gave the first Pope special authority, and that it has passed down through his spiritual descendants (not actually related)

Heresy

Christians who believe in things other than those allowed by the church. A belief that goes against established christian beliefs.

Arius

Founder of Arianism, believed that Jesus was just a dude, and he is less than god.

Nicene Creed

Commonly recited during Eucharist. States that the holy trinity exists, and goes against Arianism.

Vulgate Bible

Regularized all of the different bibles into one version

4th Lateran Council

This council met and wrote down the seven sacraments.

Seven Sacraments

Includes baptism, confirmation, matrimony, holy orders, penance, extreme unction, and holy eucharist. The are outward signs of inward grace. However it is impossible to achieve all seven for most people and all women.

Baptism

Washing away of inherited sin (during childhood)

Confirmation

Deciding as an adult to accept faith

Matrimony

Marriage (a promise to god)

Holy Orders

Acceptance into Priesthood

Penance

Confessing your sins to the priest, who will tell you what you need to do to be forgiven (mostly reciting prayers)

Extreme Unction

A priest helps a sick or dying person to leave their sins behind before death by anointing them.

Holy Eucharist

The reenactment of the Last Supper, through transubstantiation you are actually drinking Christ’s blood and flesh.

Transubstantiation

The miricle of turning wine and bread into the actual body and blood of christ so that all that is left is the appearance of the original object, but it is actually Christ.

Excommunication

Officially excluding someone from participating in the 7 sacraments and their rights in the church. Exile from the church.

Interdict

Removal of an entire region, town, or kingdom from the church.

Regular Clergy

People who leave society to devote their lives to the worship of God, these people are called Nuns and Monks. They live under intense regulation. The Monks and Nuns are so important because when all of the old knowledge was destroyed in the dark ages, they had copies of it in their libraries.

Marcus Aurelius

The last of Romes “five good emperors” Wrote a book called Meditations

Meditations

Book by Marcus Aurelius, contained ideas of stoic philosophy.

Commodus

Son of Marcus Aurelius, becomes emperor after he dies. He is almost as bad of a person as Nero, he hunts people in the streets, he renames Rome, and devalues roman currency to make himself richer.

Diocletian

Divides Rome into 4 parts with 4 emperors. Starts a civil war, blames everything on Christians, tries to wipe them out.

Constantine

Tries to use Christianity to hold Rome together, divides Rome into 2 empires permanently. Called Western Rome and Byzantine Empire. He abandons Western Rome and freezes the economy. This causes people to get stuck in jobs for thousands of years.

Huns

A group of nomadic people from central Asia who were strong and took over many countries. Led by Attilla

Ostrogoths

East Germans, first attacked by the Huns and wiped out

Visigoths

Middle Germans. They are scared of the Huns and ask Rome to join up to help them.

Battle of Adrianople

Battle against the Visigoths and Romans, the Romans lose. Germans from all over begin to invade Rome as a result.

Alaric

The leader of the Visigoths, Rome falls to him.

Basil the Bulgar Blinder

Byzantine Emperor who blinded an entire country.

Emperor Leo III

Believed that people were worshiping images rather than the actual people, so he banned religious icons.

Iconoclasm/Iconoclastic Controversy

Belief that images and icons were bad, so they were to be destroyed. Went against the church and ended with the creation of the Orthodox church.

Orthodox Church

New sector of the church, has no icons or pictures.

Mecca

Islam’s holiest city. Birthplace of Prophet Mohammed and the faith. Only muslims are allowed to enter this city.

Kaaba

Black box in Mecca, inside of it is a black rock which is said to have originally been white but it absorbed the sins of those who touched it.

Mohammed

Has a vision of the angel Gabriel, he is chosen to be the final prophet.

Allah

A term which refers to god used by muslims

Quran

One of the holy books of Islam, Mohammed helped to write it.

Hijira

Mohammed Journey from Mecca to Medina (the second most holy place in Islam)

Pillars of Faith

Belief that Allah is the only god, and Mohammed is his prophet. Prayer at certain times a day. Almsgiving- giving to the poor. Fasting for Ramadan. Pilgrimage to Mecca.

Ramadan

The 9th holy month in the islamic calendar. Fasting occurs from sunset to sunrise.

Jihad

The concept that if you die in a war defending your faith you can go to heaven.

Abu Bakr

The next caliph after prophet Mohammed. Caliph rules islam in terms of both faith and the country.

Ali

The third caliph of islam is assassinated because he is a part of the Ummayad clan. This person takes over and he is a Heshemite.

Clovis

The first German Christian King who allied with the pope to try to unite the tribes (he failed)

Charles Martel

The war leader for the Franks. His enemy was Odo of Aquitane, but then the Ummayads attack Aquitane using calvalry and stirrups. He gathers an army by promising them land, and spends 5 years training(starting the feudal system)

Battle of Tours

30,000 Franks vs. 140,000 Umayyads. The franks circle behind the umayyads to attack their supplies so the umayyad leader sends some men to protect them, but the rest of his men think they have surrendered and their army falls apart.

Pepin the Short

Martel’s son, wanted more power so he gave the Pope a lot of land, so the Pope crowns him king of the Franks.

Charlemagne

Pepin’s son, helps the Frank’s rise to nearly replace Rome and conquer most of Europe, founds schools, befriends the Pope. His greatness dies with him.

Vikings

Barbarians who travelled using ships and raided anywhere they could find. They were forced to become nomadic due to a mini ice age making Norway their home uninhabitable.

Feudalism

The Vikings cause the government to fail and leads to this. In this there is a king who normally has very little power, instead the power is held by local warlords, and they lead in a ver chaotic violent manner.

Fief

A plot of land given by the king to the fighting men so they will fight for him.

Lord

The king, or the one who gives the fief

Vassal

The fighting man, or the man who receives the Fief

Subinfeudiation

Law is becoming splintered and chaotic, and most of the power ends up in the hands of the poor.

Chivalry