virology exam 2

Challanges associated with adapting for viruses include \__________________ carrier state and \______________ infections.

asymptomatic, subclinical

Two scientists used biotechnology and PCR to offer updated causation guidelines. What are the names of those two scientists?

Fredericks and Relman

River had how many different criteria for viruses?

six

One of River's criteria was to \__________ the virus from \_____________ hosts.

isolate, diseased

One of River's criteria was to \_______________ the virus in \________ cells.

cultivate, host

One of River's criteria was to produce a \___________ disease when the \______________ virus is used to infect experimental animals.

comparable, cultivated

One of River's criteria was to \_____________ the same virus from the infected animal.

reisolate

One of River's criteria was to \______ a specific \___________ response to the virus.

detect, immune

MORE THAN what percentage of infectious diseases seen by physicians, NPs, and PAs are caused by viruses?

60%

\______________ and \____________ detection and diagnosis are needed for successful treatment.

accurate, rapid

One factor that influences laboratory outcomes is the \_________ and \__________ of the specimen.

type, quality

One factor that influences laboratory outcomes is the \______________ condition and time.

transport

The storage and collection procedures of biological specimens for viral testing vary depending on the suspected \_________ and \____________.

virus, symptoms

What are the five approaches for laboratory diagnosis of viral infections? My acronym is MANCV but use whatever you like.

\=Microscopy

\=Antibody detection

-Nucleic acid detection

-Culture

-Viral antigen detection

Light microscopy is used to observe \_______________ \________________.

intracellular inclusions

What type of microscopy is used for immunohistochemistry (IHC)?

light microscopy

Electron microscopy is used to observe individual \________ \_________.

virus particles

What is the technique in which antibodies used to stain a cell or tissue are labeled with an electron-dense material and visualized with an electron microscope?

immunoelectron microscopy

What is the technique of localizing antigens or proteins in tissues using labeled (colored or fluorescent) antibodies?

immunohistochemistry (IHC)

What does ELISA stand for?

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

True or False: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is inexpensive, technically easy to perform, with rapid turnaround.

True

What are CPEs?

cytopathic effects

Cell cultures are used for virus \____________ and \______________.

isolation, identification

Centrifugation culture is also known as

shell vial technique

Centrifugation culture has rapid diagnosis and detects viral antigens before \____________ are present.

CPEs (cytopathic effects)

What does NAATs stand for?

Nucleic acid-amplification tests

NAATs detect viral nucleic acids through \____________ and \_________ methods.

PCR, non-PCR

NAATs detect viral nucleic acids with what two non-PCR methods?

NASBA (nucleic acid sequence based amplification) and TMA (transcription-mediated amplification).

NASBA was developed by

J. Compton

NAATS both aid doctors with \_____________ and \______________ of patient.

diagnosis, management

Preence of antibodies are an \_____________ measure of viral infection.

indirect

When analyzing a patients serum that contains antibodies, what can you conclude if there is a high quantity of IgM antibodies?

recent viral infection

When analyzing a patients serum that contains antibodies, what can you conclude if there is a high quantity of IgG antibodies?

re-infection with same virus

What are the three methods of antibody detection?

IFA, ELISA, and Western blot

What does IFA stand for?

Indirect immunofluorescent assays

Electron microscopy is great because it is quick and works with viruses that can't be \____________.

cultured

True or False: Electron microscopy has a few disadvantages in that only really skilled technicians can use it, it is really expensive, and it requires a separate microscope room.

True

What are two new options of arrays in viral diagnostics?

micro and protein

What type of microarray detects agents of bioterror and the presence or absence of viral pathogenicity genes?

DNA microarrays

What type of array is a spin-off of the DNA chip using arrays of antibodies immobilized on chips?

protein arrays

For viral load testing and drug susceptibility testing, what type of strategy is used to measure and monitor viral load?

PCR and RT-PCR (PCR-based)

PCR-based strategies compare viral load measurement after treatment to \______________ \______________.

baseline measurement

What type of assays are considered the gold standard for measuring the effects of antiviral drugs and toxicity?

Plaque reduction assays

Viruses can be grown in what three biological hosts in labs? My acronym is TEA but use what you like.

Tissue, embryonated eggs, animals

What is the preferred "host" used to grow viruses in a lab?

tissue/cell cultures

True or False: Optimal growth conditions for viruses don't vary very much.

False

What are two types of cell cultures?

Monolayer and suspension

In a virology facility, what piece of machinery has air filtered through high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter that removes 99.97% of particles smaller than 0.3 microns?

Vertical flow laminar hood

One CPE scientists look at is the formation of \_____________ \____________.

inclusion bodies

One CPE scientists look at is the rounding of the \_______.

cells

One CPE scientists look at is how much the cells \_________.

shrink

One CPE scientists look at is the increased

refractility

One CPE scientists look at is the \____________/\____________ formation.

fusion/syncytia

One CPE scientists look at is how the cells \______________.

aggregate

One CPE scientists look at is the loss of

adherence

One CPE scientists look at is the cell \_________/\__________.

lysis/death

CPEs occur as a result of many different factors. One is \__________ into the host cell.

entry

CPEs occur as a result of many different factors. One is the inhibition of cellular \________ or stimulation of cellular \________ \_____________ activity.

transcription, RNA pol

CPEs occur as a result of many different factors. One is the virus interactions with \__________ \__________ pathways.

RNA processing

CPEs occur as a result of many different factors. One is the virus interactions with the \___________.

Ribosome

CPEs occur as a result of many different factors. One is the \___________ \______________ to viral infection.

host responses

What term describes the subtle, intracellular abnormalities that can be indicative of specific viruses?

inclusion bodies

What term describes the adherence of red blood cells to other cells, including virally infected cells?

Hemadsorption (or hemagglutination)

What is the envelope protein for the Influenza A virus, Parainfluenza virus, and Togavirus called?

hemagglutinin

To check for the adherence of red blood cells to other cells, including virally infected cells, you would perform a

hemadsorption assay

What is the name of a quantitative assay measuring the number of viruses in a prepared virus stock?

plaque assay

What does TCID50 stand for?

50% Tissue Culture Infective Dose

What is the name of an endpoint dilution assay that are used for viruses that don't perform plaques but do produce CPEs?

TCID50 (50% tissue culture infective dose)

True or False: Plaque assays were developed before TCID50.

False

Neutralization and hemagglutination inhibition assays \_________ and \_________ virus and antibodies?

detect, quantify

Neutralization and Hemagglutination inhibition assays detect and quantify both viruses and strain-specific \__________ \____________.

neutralizing antibodies

Hemagglutination assays also used to \___________ or \_________ virus stocks in research labs.

quantitate, titer

Transformation (focus) assays look at what four things? My acronym is TAIL, but use what you would like.

Tumorigenicity

Anchorage independence

Immortalization

Loss of contact inhibition

What type of assay determines immortalization of cells in culture, such as tumor cells?

Transformation (focus) assays

What type of assay detects viruses that do not cause visual CPEs?

Interference Assays

What is the term when non-visual CPEs are detected by their ability to interfere with replication of a second virus added to the same culture?

Interference phenomenon

PCR-based methods are used to discover \____________ or \__________ viruses.

emerging, reemerging

PCR-based methods use \_____________ \__________ sequencing.

nucleic acid

PCR-based methods study virus replication \___ \________.

in vitro

What is the term that describes the differences in DNA sequence on homologous chromosomes that can result in different patterns of restriction fragment lengths (DNA segments resulting from treatment with restriction enzymes)?

RFLP (Restriction fragment length polymorphism)

What is the term for PCR that is combined with fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) in biomedical research?

Real-time PCR

What does FRET stand for?

Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer

Enteroviruses are \________, \_________ RNA viruses.

small, naked

What does the prefix entero mean?

intestines

There are over \_________ distinct human enteroviruses.

70

Out of the 70+ distinct human enteroviruses, over \________ of them are associated with infectious disease.

20

Poliomyelitis enters via the

mouth

True or False: Poliomyelitis goes through the oral-oral route more frequently than the oral-fecal route.

False

\_____________ in \___________ are the most efficient transmitters of Poliomyelitis.

Infants, diapers

The average incubation period of Poliomyelitis is between \_______ to \________ days.

6-20

Poliomyelitis may be present in human feces for \______ to \______ weeks.

3-6

What percentage of all poliovirus infections are asymptomatic?

95%

About what percentage of poliovirus infections cause MILD symptoms?

4-8%