Religion (change - 1530 onwards)

How many acres of monastic land was sold?

2 million

What were some examples of the church becoming too greedy and dedcadent - leading to anticlericalism

Indulgences, pluralism and nepotism

When was Cromwell executed through act of attainder?

28th July 1540

What were the alleged reasons for Cromwell’s execution?

Suspicion on protestant alliance, own religious preferences, Anne of Cleves marriage and failure to comply with six articles

What was the treasons act of 1534?

Followed the act of supremacy and said that anyone who disputed supremacy and refused to take oath would be executed

Example of opposition who was executed under treasons act of 1534?

Sir Thomas More

When was the act of six articles introduced and what did it do?

1539 and reintroduced a strongly catholic interpretation of church services - transubstantiation, Eucharist with only bread for laity and celibacy for priests

Examples of Protestant sympathy in this period?

Cranmer survived despite attempts in 1543, Catherine parr was a sympathiser and education of Elizabeth and Edward was educated by protestants

By Henry’s death, religion was greatly unstable because…? QUOTE

‘Catholicism without the pope’

Whilst Henry had been largely … as head of the church, widespread acceptance of … beliefs was much slower.

Accepted, Protestant

What Protestant doctrine still remained at the end of Henry’s reign?

Cranmer brought some English to church services in 1545, The great bible of 1539 replaced the Latin version and the number of saint days was greatly reduced to 25

When was the Bishop’s book published?

July 1537

What did the Bishops book say? (**Drift towards Protestantism)**

No discussion of transubstantiation, mass was glossed over, special status of priests was understated and purgatory was only present by implication

What did Thomas Matthew publish in … that was distinctly Protestant and **with** the kings permission?

August 1537, the Matthew Bible

Example of Henry’s loyalty to Catholicism in 1538?

November 1538 - John Lambert executed for his rejection of transubstantiation

When was The act of Six Articles?

June 1539

What di the Six Articles say? (**Marking a radical shift back to catholic doctrine**)

Confirmed transubstantiation, private masses and hearing of confession by priest, as well as banned the marriage of priests and taking of communion by lay people

Example of severe penalty for those who went against the act of six articles?

Denial of transubstantiation led to burning

When was the English Bible published to be read in churches?

April 1539

When was the **‘act for the advancement of true religion’** ratified, thus restricting access to the english bible to only upper class men and the nobility?

May 1543

When was the **King’s Book** published and what did it say? (**Written by Henry himself**)

May 1543 - Revised the Bishop’s Book, defending transubstantiation and the six articles.

When was the use of English Litany introduced into churches

May 1544

July … - Henry names a heavily … council of Regency for his heir (**ensuring Protestant-influenced inheritance for Prince Edward)**

1546, Protestant

What the authority that became paramount in establishing god’s will during reform?

The authority of scripture

In what year, were extracts from the testament now read out during Sundays or holy days?

1543

Half a … new dioceses were created and the massive diocese of … was ‘rationalised’ and split into … more coherent bishoprics. (**Reforms were solid and practical**)

Dozen, Lincoln, 3

what evidence is there that Henry was at the forefront of reformation and capable of his own decisions?

Removed Cromwell in 1540 and Anne Boleyn in 1536 to further aims, and drafting of the six articles.

Why was God particularly important to Henry VIII and his claim to the throne?

‘fait accompli’ of battle of Bosworth in 1485

On what day where 3 prominent evangelical clergy and 3 prominent papalist catholics all burned? (**Not fitting Henry’s ‘conscience’**)

30th July 1540

Example of newfound wealth from dissolution being invested in education?

New cathedral grammar schools were set up in Canterbury, Carlisle and Bristol and Christ church and trinity college were established at Oxford and Cambridge

What impact did the dissolution have on culture and heritage?

Henry VIII was charged with cultural vandalism due to wholesale destruction of Gothic buildings, loss of books, images and reliquaries

How did Henry arguably squander the wealth gained from dissolution? (**Around £2 million**)

Rushed to sell monastic lands from may 1543 to finance wars with Scotland and France between 1542-46

By 1547, how much of monastic lands remained with Henry and how much had the crown made from sales **reducing harder taxation on people**?

Over half and around £800,000

How did the sale of monastic lands change the distribution of power?

Patronage now lay with squire, JPs and the chief landowners rather than the church

Monastic land sales influenced politics and power? QUOTE

‘A move away from the predominance of the few to a general power vested in larger numbers’

Approximately how many monks and friars moved on having been supplied with pensions? (**Majority found alternative employment in church and significant minority not left in hardship**)

6500-8000

What were the 2,000 nuns affected not allowed to do?

re-marry nor become priests

What 2 key players in the pilgrimage of grace were part of the Aragonese faction?

Lords Darcy and Hussey

What is the evidence for a popular rebellion thesis for the POG?

Robert Aske, Cromwell, Parish clergy, common people and gentry all supporting

How many people were charged with treason, and how many executed in the 1530s? (**More than half from POG following treasons act of 1534**)

883 people charge and 329 executed

What was the ultimate goal of the Pilgrimage of grace and what was the primary oppostion?

To remove heretical advisers of Henry and dissolution of monasteries and Cromwells actions

What were other, smaller factors of the Pilgrimage of grace?

Tax demands from Henry in times of peace (statute of uses and 1534 subsidy act), poor harvest in 1536 and 1537 and rise of Boleyn family

When was the Lincolnshire rising?

1st-11th October 1538

Where did parallel uprisings begin on the 1st October 1536 and how many gathered and drafted what? POG

Louth and Horncastle in Lincolnshire with at least 10,000 people gathering. Commissioners were taken and man-handled, demanded no more abbeys be suppressed and that heretical bishops like Cranmer were dismissed

When anger and violence broke out in the Lincolnshire rising, what happened?

The chancellor of the Bishop of Lincoln was killed

Why did the Lincolnshire rising fall on the 11th october 1536?

Collaboration between gentry and commons evaporated as the Duke of Suffolk’s army drew near

When did the news of the Lincolnshire rising reach Robert Aske, sparking the pilgrimage of grace?

4th october 1536

By 10th October, Aske had an army of … at Doncaster?

30,000

When did the rebels take control of Pontefract Castle (**most important fortress in the North**)?

21st October

When was the pilgrimage of grace?

8th october - 8th December 1536

Which lord handed over pontefract castle and supported rebels?

Lord Darcy

When did the rebeles submit 24 articles and form a truce; hoping Henry would grant them their wishes and reform **at Doncaster Bridge with the Duke of Norfolk**?

27th October

When was Sir Francis Bigod’s revolt and the Cumberland rising?

16th January - 10th February 1537

What did Bigod plan to do in order to ensure the government’s sincerity (**collapsed in a few days**)?

Planned to capture Hull and Scarborough and force the Duke of Norfolk to act as a go between.

What was the consequence of Bigod’s revolt?

Henry never intended to honour his deal with the north and the rising provided Henry with the pretext to begin retribution for the rebels bad faith

How many people were executed after commons, gentry and nobility were rounded up?

178 including Aske, Lord Darcy and Sir Francis Bigod

Consequences of the POG?

Greater royal control of the North through the reorganisation of the council of the north and Percy family destroyed as Earl of Northumberland agreed to hand over his lands to king

By the 16th century, how much of wealth did monks give to charity and hospitality?

Less than 5%

What did Elton argue was in large decline and therefore it’s end may have been spontaneous?

monasticism

What did the years 1533-34 see a large increase in, leading to Cromwell needing to increase regular revenue?

Need to increase crowns finances due to end of french pension in 1534, possible attack from Spain and affairs in Ireland

In 1535, what did Cromwell commission after his appointment as Vicar-general by the supreme head?

The valuation of ecclesiastical property in 6 months - Valor Ecclesiasticus

When was the **act for the dissolution of lesser monasteries** ratified (due to their corruption and aimed to be dissolved to improve larger ones)

February 1536

During the dissolution of lesser monasteries, what were examples of how they were destroyed with humanity and some care?

Debts incurred were paid off by the government and goods of monks were guaranteed to them

What were northern grievances that led to the Pilgrimage of grace?

Resented increased interference of government under Cromwell, statute of uses with its augmentation of royal rights, cries against enclosure and raised rents, subsidy of 1534 and huge resentment towards commissioners that oversaw dissolution of monasteries

Where did Northern opposition rear its head after the Lincolnshire rising, and under the command of who?

Yorkshire and Robert aske (A country gentlemen and lawyer)

When was the POG ended as Norfolk had promised vaguely to adhere to some demands?

6th December 1836

What alongside, Bigod’s revolt, provided the pretext for the king to free himself from the promises he made to POG and exact his revenge?

minor riots and upheavals

What did the involvement of many monks and executions of more influential abbots pave the way for?

The suppression and attack on bigger monasteries

when did Cromwell begin sending commissioners to larger abbeys, offering a prepared form of surrender?

1538

When was the act for the dissolution of the greater monasteries passed?

19 May 1539

In the … of 1539, the three great abbeys of …, Colchester and … were dissolved and their abbots … for treason

Autumn, Glastonbury, reading and hung

How many different monastic institutions were there before the dissolution?

About 800

What were some examples of problems within the church that led to anticlericalism?

Monks were seen with children and abbots acted as lords, Bishops reports highlighted negative actions and corruption within monasteries, indulgences

How were monasteries dissolved from 1539 onwards? (E.g. abbot of Glastonbury hung and black washed)

commissioners encouraged monasteries to give in but if not they were taken by force

How many men and women did monasteries act as homes for?

7,500 men and 1,800 women

Despite reports of failure in the 1530s, what are some examples that show there was a spectrum of experience?

Miles Coverdale, an Augustinian friar, translated the bible and Whalley in Lancashire distributed 22.1% of it’s income to charity

Reasons Henry needed money in the 1530s?

£25,000 a year to garrison the Scottish border, Irish rebellion of 1534 cost around £38000 and amicable grant showed tax could not be fully trusted in times of need

When was the act of supremacy passed?

November 1534

How much did the Valor Ecclesiasticus undertaken by local gentry from Jan 1535 value the churches at?

Around £200,000 per annum

how many monasteries were dissolved as part of the 1536 act of suppression of smaller monasteries?

243

How much did it cost henry to end the pilgrimage of grace?

£50,000

What 3 factors pushed Henry to begin the aggressive dissolution of larger monasteries?

Anger at challenge to his personal authority of POG, cost of POG and possibility of a catholic crusade in both spring and autumn 1539

When did Anne Boleyn and Henry secretly marry?

January 1533

What 2 things did Cromwell favour that pushed him towards reform?

The use of the bible in the vernacular and a Lutheran alliance to keep the balance of power against France and Spain

How did Henry evidently try to suppress the Lutheran protestant movement in 1522 and 1528? (**Showing power of Anne Boleyn and** C**romwell)**

Book burning in 1522 and Sir Thomas More was commissioned to refute the heretical movement

When was printing press developed by William Caxton, which helped spread protestant ideas?

1476

A … number of churches and chapels were built between 1490 and 1529, with significant … from the public? (**Anticlericalism cant be wholely true)**

Large, donations

How did Anne Boleyn encourage Henry to achieve the divorce?

She refused to become Henry’s mistress and she had Henry infatuated

What effect did Henry’s own conscience and ego have on him trying to achieve the divorce?

He declared his marriage to his brother’s wife as against God and therefore saw himself as the victim of providential punishment in lack of sons due to Levictus 20:21 in the bible

Why was the Pope unlikely to overturn his papal dispensation to Catherine and allow the annulment?

After Pavia in 1525, pope was under the control of Charles V who was Catherines nephew with an acute sense of honour and dignity

Examples of Protestant theologians who took Henry’s side to win king’s favour during divorce?

Robert Barney’s, Hugh Latimer and Thomas Cranmer

When Wolsey fell from power in 1530 back to … of York, but dying before executed for treason, there were a number of … that nibbled away privileges and interests of clergymen - including a fine of … for praemunire against being … to Wolsey’s papal legate in England.

Archbishop, statutes, £100,000 and accomplices

Who did Thomas Cranmer replace as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1532?

The deceased Warham

What did Cromwell put forward to parliament in early 1532, detailing grievance against the clergy over excommunication, powers of church courts and extensive immunities of churchmen.

Supplication against the ordinances

What key factors are said to have pushed Henry to ‘move mountains’ to achieve the divorce under any pretext?

Anne Boleyn and want of a male heir, his new protestant ministers, and his doctrine of Royal supremacy

What type of people replaced Wolsey and his administration? (**Accelerating religious reform**)

Laymen

What gave henry confidence in his doctrine of supremacy?

The presentation of ‘collectanea satis copiosa’ by Edward Foxe and Thomas Cranmer, and the support of Oxford and Cambridge universities

What key author’s book did Anne Boleyn own **(banned in England)** ,when was it published and what did it say?

William Tyndale, october 1528 and argued that a ruler was supreme on earth, answerable only to god

When were Henry and Anne Boleyn married?

25th January 1533

When was Anne crowned and give birth to Elizabeth?

June 1533 and September 1533