ansc 333 exam 1

between epithelial cells, keep material from moving between

tight junctions

what is the structure of the ovary

medulla, cortex, tunica albuginea, epithelium

keeps ovary from sticking to other things

germinal epithelium

keeps ovary suspended

tunica albunginea

outermost part of inner portion of ovary, holds the corpus luteum, makes steroids and gametes

cortex

innermost part, supports structure, has lymph and blood vessels

medulla

what are the functions of the ovaries

female gametogenesis and endocrine gland

what are the types of follicles

primordial, primary, secondary, antral

what are the structures of the luteal stage

corpus hemorragicum, corpus luteum, corpus albicans

bleeding body

corpus hemorragicum

corpus luteum

yellow body, produces progesterone, carry pregnancy

corpus albicans

white body, scar tissue after corpus luteum regression

what is the infundibulum

captures ovum during ovulation, has ciliated cells to interact with ovum and carry to ampulla, ends at distal ostium

what is the tubular structure in reproductive tract

lumen, mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

what structures are in the oviduct

ampulla and isthmus

transports ovum, thin muscularis with fimbria

ampulla

transports sperm and embryo, thick muscularis

isthmus

site of fertilization

ampullary isthmus junction

where does oviduct end

utero-tubular junction

what is the uterus

secretes histotroph

provides nutrients for oocytes, sperm, embryo to survive

histotroph

what kind of endometrial surface is in uterus

endometrial folds or caruncles

what kind of epithelia is in the uterus

columnar

what is the cervix

barrier between upper and lower reproductive tract

mucus transports sperm, pregnancy glue, parturition lubricant

what are the types of cervical structures

rings, interdigitating pads

parts of the vagina

cranial, caudal

part of uterus with simple epithelia, mucus producing

cranial

part of uterus with stratified epithelia, more breakdown resistance

caudal

what makes up the external genitalia

labia major and minor

what is the external genitalia

outer barrier of reproductive tract

appearance varies during estrous cycle

what are the types of uteri

bicornuate, simplex, duplex

uterine horns present

bicornuate

no uterine horns, large uterine body

simlex

2 cervices

duplex

what is the reproductive tract suspended by

broad ligament

why is the placement of the reproductive tract advantageous

can easily be manipulated via the rectum

the rectum and reproductive tract are separated by what

rectogenital pouch

period of one estrus to the next

estrous cycle

period from one menstruation to the next

menstrual cycle

what are the phases in estrous

follicular, luteal

how does cycle begin

ovulation or menses

what stages are in follicular phase

proestrus, estrus

what happens in proestrus

progesterone levels increase

increased gnrh, fsh, and lh

follicular development starts

tract prepares for mating

estrogen secretion increases

what happens in estrus

estrogen secretion peaks

receptive to mating

surge center is triggered

lh surge causes ovulation

what stages are in luteal phase

metestrus, diestrus

what happens in metestrus

corpus luteum forms

progesterone levels start increasing

estrogen levels decrease dramatically

what happens in diestrus

progesterone plateaus

uterus prepares for embryo

not receptive to mating

pgf2a causes corpus luteum regression

period when female does not exhibit estrous cycle

anestrus

causes of anestrus

seasonal, lactational, nutritional, pathological, gestational

what are the estrous cycle types

polyestrus, seasonal polyestrus, seasonal monoestrus

uniform distribution of estrous throughout the year

polyestrus

estrous cycles occur in spring, animal in anestrus rest of the year

long day breeder

estrous cycles occur during autumn, animal in anestrus rest of year

short day breeder

1 estrous cycle in spring, animal in anestrus rest of year

monoestrus

where is the pineal gland

above hypothalamus, center of brain

what does pineal gland do

release melatonin in response to dark

regulates blood activity in seasonal breeder

list polyestrus animals

cow, rodent, pig

list monoestrus animals

bear, wolf, dog

list short day breeders

ewe, doe, elk

list long day breeders

mare

pineal gland and long day breeders

increase light, increase otic nerve stimulation, decrease pineal gland activity, decrease melatonin, increase gnrh, increase fsh/lh

lack estrus while nursing

lactational anestrus

what stimulates lactational anestrus

visual, olfactory, auditory, mammary stimulation

how long of mammary stimulation is required for anestrus

suckling 3x per day

poor nutritional status, lack of gnrh, common in first lactation females

nutritional anestrus

uterine infection, persistent corpus luteum, cysts, mummified fetus

pathological anestrus

progesterone from corpus luteum inhibits gnrh, fsh, lh release, allows for fetal development and uterine recovery

gestational anestrus

development and maturation of follicle, results in estrus and ovulation

follicular phase

what is dicyate

blocking of oocytes from dividing

physical connections between cyoplasm of neighboring cells, opposite of tight junctions

gap junctions

maintain dicyate

bidirectional signal

structure of antral follicle

oocyte, zona pellucida, cumulus cells, corona radiata, mural granulosa, theca interna, theca externa

theca and granulosa cells can produce

progesterone

granulosa cells lack enzymes to make what

androgens

granulosa cells develop ---- prior to ovulation

lh receptors

theca cells lack --- which turns androgens into estrogen

cytochrome p450 aromatase

what centers are in the hypothalamus

tonic, surge

continuous pulses of gnrh, ventromedial and arcuate nucleolus

tonic center

stores gnrh until critical threshold reached, anterior hypothalamic area, preoptic and suprachiasmatic nucleus

surge center

how does luteal phase impact hypothalamus centers

progesterone slows down pulse frequency from tonic center

what happens during recruitment of follicular development

corpus luteum gone

progesterone decreases, tonic center releases more

release of fsh and lh to start follicular development

what happens during selection of follicular development

increasing estrogen

increased sensitivity of pituitary to gnrh

promote fsh production

what happens during dominance in follicular development

inhibin made by granulosa cells in new follicle down regulates fsh

peripheral estrogenic effects increase

what happens in ovulation

estrogen reaches critical threshold

no progesterone stimulates surge center

lh levels peak

ovulation initiated

follicular development happens in ---

waves

follicle development in luteal phase

high progesterone

insufficient gnrh pulse frequency

follicles made but not enough signal to ovulate

follicle becomes atretic

lh surge can be triggered by --- during copulation

mechanical stimulus

in mechanical stimulation of ovulation, --- travel to the brain and --- the ---

action potential

stimulates

surge center

ovulation in some species is caused by --- in seminal plasma

hormones

what happens after lh surge

gap junction breakdown (decrease camp, omi)

dictyate ends (meiosis resumes, first polar body)

how is steroid pathway changed in luteal phase following the lh surge

STAR is active in granulosa cells, no more 2 cell 2 gonadotropin model

how does follicle structure change

theca interna start making progesterone (collagenase synthesized)

pgf2a produced (lysozyme released)

what does collagenase and lysozymes do

weaken follicle structure and digest follicular wall

how does follicular structure change pt2

pgf2a causes ovarian contraction

pgf2a and histamine increase flood flow

leads to ovulation

how is corpus hemorragicum formed

follicular structure collapses and folds in on itself

edema and cellular damage = hemorrhage

what is luteal formation

basement membrane forms connective tissue

granulosa and theca cells mix

what happens to theca cells after ovulation

become small luteal cells

undergo mitosis and multiply

what happens to granulosa cells after ovulation

become large luteal cells

increase in size, don’t divide

how is progesterone produced

lipoproteins actively internalized in response to lh

cholesterol is separated and deesterified

transferred to mitochondria

converted to pregnenolone

incorporated into er and reduced to progesterone

does corpus luteum size matter

yes, increased corpus luteum size means more cells that can make progesterone