Module I Biology Study Packet Practice Flashcards

This set of 50 flashcards covers the foundational biology concepts presented in the Module I Study Packet, including scientific method, taxonomy, atom chemistry, and macromolecules.

What are five characteristics shared by all living organisms?

Order, response to the environment, reproduction, growth and development, and energy processing

In an experiment studying the effects of fertilizer on tomato plant growth, what is the independent variable?

The amount or presence of fertilizer

In an experiment studying the effects of fertilizer on tomato plant growth, what is the dependent variable?

The growth of the tomato plants

How should a hypothesis be structured for an experiment on fertilizer and tomato plant growth?

As an "if, then" statement e.g., if fertilizer is added, then tomato plant growth will increase.

Why is it important to have a control in an experiment?

To provide a basis for comparison against the experimental group

What is the correct order of taxonomic classifications from inclusive to exclusive?

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

What is the mnemonic provided in the study packet to remember the taxonomic order?

Dumb Kids Playing Cards On Freeways Get Smooshed

Define Biosphere in no more than four words.

Global ecosystem of life

Define Ecosystem in no more than four words.

Organisms and physical environment

Define Community in no more than four words.

Interacting populations in area

Define Population in no more than four words.

Same species in area

Define Organism in no more than four words.

Individual living entity

Define Natural Selection in no more than four words.

Adaptive survival and reproduction

What is the definition of Adaptation?

An inherited characteristic that enhances an organism's survival and reproduction in a specific environment

What is Microevolution?

Change in allele frequencies in a population over generations

What is Macroevolution?

Evolutionary change above the species level

What is Homeostasis?

The maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes

What is a Proton?

A subatomic particle with a positive charge found in the nucleus

What is a Neutron?

A subatomic particle with no charge found in the nucleus

What is an Electron?

A subatomic particle with a negative charge that orbits the nucleus

What is the Octet rule?

The tendency of atoms to prefer having $8$ electrons in their valence shell

What is an Isotope?

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

What is an Isomer?

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements

Define Atomic mass.

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus

Define Atomic number.

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

What is a Buffer?

A substance that minimizes changes in $pH$ by accepting or donating hydrogen ions

What is a Covalent bond?

A chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms

What is an Ionic bond?

A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions

What is a hydrogen bond?

A weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom

What is a molecule?

Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

What constitutes an organic molecule?

A molecule that contains both carbon and hydrogen

What is a Polar molecule?

A molecule with an uneven distribution of charge leading to positive and negative regions

What occurs during a Dehydration reaction?

A water molecule is removed to bond two monomers together

What occurs during Hydrolysis?

A water molecule is added to break a bond between monomers

How many protons does carbon have if its $\text{Atomic number} = 6$?

$6$ protons

How many electrons does a neutral carbon atom have if its $\text{Atomic number} = 6$?

$6$ electrons

How many neutrons does a carbon atom have if its $\text{Atomic mass} = 12$ and $\text{Atomic number} = 6$?

$6$ neutrons

How many neutrons does the isotope $\text{carbon-14}$ have?

$8$ neutrons

Based on the octet rule, how are electrons distributed in the energy shells of a Carbon atom with $6$ electrons?

$2$ electrons in the first shell and $4$ electrons in the outer shell

Carbon will bond with a maximum number of hydrogen atoms to form which molecule?

$$CH_4$$

Based on the study packet, are ammonia and blood categorized as acidic, basic, or neutral?

Basic

Based on the study packet, are egg yolks and pure rain categorized as acidic, basic, or neutral?

Acidic

What are the four primary organic macromolecules of living organisms?

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

What are the specific functions of the polysaccharides Cellulose and Starch?

Cellulose provides plant cell wall structure; Starch provides plant energy storage

What are the specific functions of the polysaccharides Chitin and Glycogen?

Chitin provides structural support in fungi/arthropods; Glycogen provides animal energy storage

What is the structural difference between a saturated fat and an unsaturated fat?

Saturated fats have no double bonds between carbons; unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds

What are the four levels of protein folding?

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary

What does it mean to denature a protein?

The protein loses its specific shape and consequently its function

What are the three components that make up a nucleotide?

A five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

What are the main differences between DNA and RNA regarding sugar, nitrogenous bases, and helix structure?

DNA: deoxyribose, bases $\text{ATGC}$, double helix; RNA: ribose, bases $\text{AUGC}$, single strand