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Semester One

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Virtual Representation

British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members

Whig Party

An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements- similar to Republicans of the Gilded Age in support of business

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Established judicial review; "midnight judges;" John Marshall; power of the Supreme Court.

Constitutional Compromises

1787

*Great (Connecticut) Compromise- called for a bicameral legislative system in which the House of Representatives would be based on population and the Senate would have equal representation in Congress

*Combined pieces of the New Jersey Plan, the Virginia Plan, and other proposals

*Three-Fifths Compromise-counted slaves as three-fifths of a person for the purposes of apportioning representation and called for direct taxation on the states

Harper's Ferry Raid

Led by John Brown who planned to start a slave uprising by stealing weapons from the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry.

Manifest Destiny

the 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin

Vertical Integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution Ex: Carnegie

Horizontal Integration

Type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition. Ex. Rockefeller

Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address

"With malice toward none; with charity to all; ..... let us strive together.... to bind up the nation's wounds." (Set a lenient tone for his Reconstruction plan)

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought- COLONIES were necessary to achieve this!

1763 Treaty of Paris

Treaty that ended the presence of the French in America (ended French and Indian War). British confirmed the title to French territory East of Mississippi and Spanish Florida

1783 Treaty of Paris

Ended the American Revolution- United States receives all territory east of the Mississippi River and south of Canada

1898 Treaty of Paris

Ended the Spanish-American War- US gained Cuba, Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico; Ended Spanish American War

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (postmaster)

Missouri Compromise of 1820

Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory (1820)

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

Fugitive Slave Act

Most controversial part of Comp of 1850- made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders

1st Slaves to Americas

Jamestown by the Dutch

1st Great Awakening (1739-1744)

A sudden outbreak of religious fervor that swept through the colonies. One of the first events to unify the colonies.

2nd Great Awakening

Religious movement that led to social reforms

Frontier Thesis

The argument by Frederick Jackson Turner that the frontier experience helped make American society more democratic; emphasized cheap, unsettled land and the absence of a landed aristocracy....justification for imperialism

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868)

Johnson was allegedly impeached for violating the Tenure of Office Act, but really because of his stubborn defiance of Congress on Reconstruction. Fell one vote short of removing from office because Republicans did not want to set a precedent

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle. Justification for Jim Crow laws, imperialism, and rise of monopolies during the Gilded Age.

forty-niners

Easterners who flocked to California after the discovery of gold there. They established claims all over northern California and overwhelmed the existing government. Arrived in 1849.

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east. American colonists ignored this.

Tobacco

Cash crop that made a profit and saved Jamestown. First settlers to the Chesapeake area (Maryland and Virginia) were white indentured servants. Purpose of settlement of Virginia was economic, in contrast with New England which was religious.

Declaration of Independence

included unalienable rights; consent of the governed; and accused KGIII of tyranny

American System

Henry Clay- purpose was to make the US economically self-sufficient and unite regions: protective tariff; 2nd BUS; government-funded infrastructure

Spoils System

the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power

Nullification Crisis

A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the state of South Carolina to nullify a federal law - the tariff of 1828 - passed by the United States Congress.

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Passed by Congress under the Jackson administration, this act removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to an "Indian Territory" where they would be "permanently" housed.

Bank War (1832)

Jackson and the Democrats questioned the power of Biddle's National Bank. He vetoed a bill that would extend the bank for 20 more years. He later removed funds and gave them to "pet banks," resulting in the printing of much paper money and a decline in real wages.

Shay's Rebellion (1786)

This MA conflict caused criticism of the Articles of Confederation; weak govt; increased calls for a Constitutional Convention to revise the Articles

XYZ Affair (1797)

Incident that precipitated an undeclared war with France when three French officials demanded that American emissaries pay a bribe before negotiating disputes between the two countries.

*Historical Significance:*

Led to the Quasi-War (undeclared naval war) with France; convinced John Adams to strengthen the U.S. navy.

Rhode Island Colony

Self-governing colony founded by Roger Williams in 1636; granted freedom for all religions and non-believers; religious toleration; disestablishment, universal suffrage for white males w/property qualifications; most democratic

Salem Witch Trials

Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as witches. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake. Example of how Puritans viewed women

House of Burgesses, 1619

The first elected lawmaking body in North America, established by the Virginia Company to allow representative government in Virginia.

Triangular Trade

A system in which goods and slaves were traded among the Americas, Britain, and Africa. The "Middle Passage" was the leg of the journey that brought enslaved Africans to the Americas.

Townshend Acts (1767)

passed by Parliament, put a tax on glass, lead, paper, and tea. The acts caused protest from the colonists, and resentment towards tax collectors (soldiers)- Boston Massacre was a result

Boston Tea Party (1773)

Colonial response to the Tea Act; 30-130 colonists - dressed as Mohawk Indians - boarded British ships and dumped the tea into Boston Harbor

*Historical Significance:*

Led to the Intolerable Acts.

Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)

A formal announcement issued by President George Washington on April 22, 1793, declaring the United States a neutral nation in the conflict between Great Britain and France.

Common Sense by Thomas Paine

powerful pamphlet telling the colonists to break free. British were trying to destroy colonies' natural rights. Government is there to protect life liberty and property. Power came from people, not kings. Colonies don't benefit from British Empire.

Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania

1767- by John Dickinson, argued that Parliament had no right to tax the colonies for revenue, but HAD the right to impose tariffs

Articles of Confederation weaknesses

Lacked Executive and Judicial branches, lacked power to tax and regulate trade; power was instead given to STATES

Bill of Rights, 1791

The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution. The amendments secure key rights for individuals and reserve to the states all powers not explicitly delegated or prohibited by the Constitution. The absence of these rights was a reason the Anti-Federalists did not want to ratify the Constitution

Stamp Act

an act passed by the British Parliament in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents; 1st DIRECT tax on the colonists- led to Sons of Liberty and protests; eventually repealed.

Saratoga

The turning point of the American Revolution. France decided to help the Americans.

Three-Fifths Compromise

Compromise between northern and southern states at the Constitutional Convention that three-fifths of the slave population would be counted for determining direct taxation and representation in the House of Representatives.

Slave Trade Compromise

At the Constitutional Convention- Slave trade would continue for 20 years until 1808.

Separation of Powers

Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law. Inspired by Enlightenment thinker Montesquieu

Erie Canal (1825)

New York state canal that linked Lake Erie to the Hudson River. It dramatically lowered shipping costs, fueling the importance of New York City and increasing the connection between east and west

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

US foreign policy regarding Latin American countries stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention.

Alien and Sedition Acts

These consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: an attempt to stifle Democratic-Republican opposition;The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written in response to the Acts.

Louisiana Purchase

1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson to further his vision of an "agrarian republic", this doubled the size of the US.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

an expedition sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the northwestern territories of the United States- led to increased westward settlement

Women in the American Revolution

support roles, maintained structure in the home, and developed important resources in support of the war effort, participated in the political discussions of the period, a few fought in revolutionary battles

African Americans in American Revolution

many fought with the patriots hoping to gain more rights; some fought with loyalists for the promise of freedom

Navigation Acts

Laws passed by the British to control colonial trade

Creation of political parties

The Federalist and Democratic-Republican (Jeffersonian) parties resulted from bitter debates about Alexander Hamilton's economic policies (creation of the BUS)

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Pilgrims

Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands.

Revolution of 1800

Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution."

impact of cotton gin

1793 - revolutionized southern agriculture, made it easier to remove seeds from cotton plants, intensified dependence on slave labor

Factory System

A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building; seen in New England especially Lowell, Mass (that employed young, unmarried WOMEN)

Hartford Convention (1814)

New England states almost seceded from the Union over the War of 1812. Federalists labeled as unpatriotic and party fell apart.

Election of 1824

No one won a majority of electoral votes, so the House of Representatives had to decide among Adams, Jackson, and Clay. Clay dropped out and urged his supporters in the House to throw their votes behind Adams. Jackson and his followers were furious and accused Adams and Clay of a "corrupt bargain."

Election of 1828/Jacksonian Revolution

The name attributed to the first presidential race with a "common man" winner. It was known as the rise of the "common man" because the president was not an aristocrat born into wealth, but rather gained his fame from serving his country in the War of 1812. It emphasized small businessmen and farmers as well as the appointment of common men to government positions.

War of 1812

causes: British were interfering with our trade, impressing our sailors, and encouraging the Native Americans to fight our settlers

effects: Washington, D.C. was burned, increased patriotism in the U.S., growth of U.S. manufacturing, and Treaty of Ghent ended the war (no one won, no one lost)

Hamilton's Economic Plan

Tax on whiskey, protective tariff, national bank, assumption of debts to individuals and states

Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively and actually ENFORCE federal law, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

Rebellion of discontent former landless servants

*Historical Significance:*

Led to a move from indentured servants to African slaves for labor purposes.

Washington's Farewell Address, 1796

Warned against permanent foreign alliances and political parties, called for unity of the country, established precedent of two-term presidency

William Lloyd Garrison

Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Texas

American settlers into Texas refused to adhere to Mexican law, leading to revolution and establishment of the Republic of Texas. Annexed by the U.S. in 1845 and border disputes (Rio Grande) led to the Mexican-American War during the age of Manifest Destiny.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

(1848) treaty signed by the U.S. and Mexico that officially ended the Mexican-American War; Mexico had to give up much of its northern territory to the U.S (Mexican Cession); in exchange the U.S. gave Mexico $15 million and said that Mexicans living in the lands of the Mexican Cession would be protected

Mexican-American War

1846 - 1848 - President Polk declared war on Mexico over the dispute of border in Texas.

Popular sovereignty

the people of a territory should determine for themselves whether or not to permit slavery

American Party (Know-Nothings)

A Republican movement which believed in a stop of immigration of European and Catholics into the United States. During the temperance movement this party found huge success, people believed it helped ease issues with liquor and other evils. The party though failed in the face of slavery as it's northern and southern wings split apart.

Republican Party

1854 - anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats, Free Soilers and reformers from the Northwest met and formed party in order to keep slavery out of the territories (in response to Kansas-Nebraska Act)

"Bleeding Kansas"

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

Dred Scott Decision

Supreme Court ruling that declared slaves were not viewed as citizens but as property due to the 5th amendment. Therefore, acts of Congress outlawing slavery in certain states were null (such as the Missouri Compromise)

Election of 1860

Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.

Lincoln's goal at the start of/during the war

Preserve the Union

Emancipation Proclamation

Proclamation issued by Lincoln (after Antietam), freeing all slaves in areas still at war with the Union to hurt the Confederacy. Gave a moral cause to the war.

Philippine Insurrection

1899-1903 guerrilla war fought by Filipino rebels (led by Emilio Aguinaldo) against American colonial rule in the Philippines after America acquired the islands due to the Treaty of Paris, 1898.

Reasons for American Imperialism

desire for military strength, thirst for new markets, belief in cultural superiority

Gettysburg Address

(1863) a speech given by Abraham Lincoln after the Battle of Gettysburg, in which he praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the Civil War; supported the ideals of self-government and human rights

Battle of Gettysburg

1863, this three day battle was the bloodiest of the entire Civil War, ended in a Union victory, and is considered the turning point of the war. The Confederacy never recovered and never invaded the North again.