Biology Review Cont.

Activation Energy

amount of energy needed to start a reaction

Amino Acid

Bounded by peptide bonds; monomer of a protein

Carbohydrate

(monosaccharides) main source of energy for the cell; 1 gram \= 4 calories

Catalyst

used in enzymes to lower the activation energy and speed up the reaction

Enzyme

Protein and Catalyst; have an active site and a substrate

Lipid

(1 glycerol \= 3 fatty acids) used for long term energy storage, make up the phospholipid bilayer; 1 gram \= 9 calories

Monosaccharide

simple sugars, monomer for carbs (glucose and sucrose)

Nucleic Acids

Made of nucleotides, function is to store genetic information which can be seen in DNA and RNA

Organic Molecule

bounded molecules made of carbon

Protein

(amino acids) referred to as the building blocks

Cell Theory

All living things are made of cells; Cells come from other cells; Cells are the basic structure and function of an organism

Differentiation

How cells (stem cells) get their jobs

Eukaryote

Cells that have a nucleus, large, complex (Ex. Plants and Animals)

Multicellular Organisms

Organisms composed of many cells (Ex. tissue, humans, etc.)

Organelles

Small structures that perform various functions for the cell (reside within the cytoplasm)

Prokaryote

Cells with no nucleus, small, simple (Ex. Bacteria)

Stem Cells

Undifferentiated cells

Unicellular Organism

Organisms composed of only one cell (Ex. Bacteria)

Passive Transport

No energy required; transport of small and medium materials across the plasma membrane (Osmosis, Diffusion, and Facilitated Diffusion)

Diffusion

No energy required; transports molecules from high to low concentrations in order to even them out (for small materials)

Osmosis

No energy required; transports WATER from high to low concentrations in order to even them out

Facilitated Diffusion

"Semi-active" uses transport proteins to help move material across the plasma membrane, but still doesn't require energy

Homeostasis

Internal condition is balanced

Active Transport

Requires energy (ATP) for large molecules. Gets molecules across the cell through pumps and vesicles (endocytosis and exocytosis)

Pumps

Molecules are "pumped" by a transport protein to get across the membrane, requiring energy

Vesicles

Used when molecules are too large to pass through the membrane, even with the help of a transport protein

Endocytosis

Large molecules going INTO the cell

Exocytosis

Large molecules going OUT of the cell

Concentration Gradient

Drives diffusion; moves from left to right

Nucleus

Only in eukaryotic cells, holds DNA

Mitochondria

Makes ATP, (Power house of the cell); Where Cellular Respiration occurs

Chloroplast

Makes glucose for the plant; Where Photosynthesis occurs

Lysosomes

Breaks down waste, food, etc.

Vacuole

Where molecules, waste, etc. is stored; Bigger in Plant Cells

Ribosomes

Makes protein; Where translation in protein synthesis occurs

Rough ER

Transports Proteins; Has Ribosomes

Smooth ER

Transports Proteins; Does not have Ribosomes

Golgi Apparatus

UPS of the cell; Sorts and packages molecules

Cilia

Movement for Eukaryotes

Flagella

Movement for Prokaryotes

Cell Membrane

Semi-permeable, therefore maintains homeostasis

Nuclear Envelope

Controls what goes in/out of the nucleus

Cell Wall

Only in Plant Cells; supports and provides protection

Cytoplasm

dissolves nutrients, allowing diffusion to occur; holds all the organelles

Hypotonic

Water only entering the cell, resulting in it being Lysed/Burst

Isotonic

Same amount of water entering the cell as existing, resulting in an equilibrium, normal Cell

Hypertonic

Water only exiting the cell, resulting in it being shriveled

Anaerobic Respiration

Doesn't require oxygen; includes Lactic Acid Fermentation and Alcohol Fermentation of Cellular Respiration

ATP

Main source of energy for the cell; made in the Mitochondria. When used in the cell it turns into ADP and returns to the Mitochondria to be converted back

Aerobic Respiration

Stage of Cellular Respiration that requires Energy; includes the Krebs Cycle and ETC

Lactic Acid Fermentation

In Anaerobic Respiration- pyruvates break down creating energy (found in muscles)

Alcohol Fermentation

In Anaerobic Respiration- occurs mostly in yeast, pyruvates break down forming alcohol, CO2, and releasing energy

Chromosome

long thread of DNA containing genetic information

Sister Chromatid

One of 2 strands of a chromosome that becomes visible during mitosis

Centromere

region of chromosomes that holds the two sister chromatids together during mitosis

Centriole

(fishing pole) cell organelle that produces spindle fibers

Spindle Fibers

Fibers that extend across a dividing eukaryotic cell and assists in the separation of chromosomes

DNA

Makes up chromosomes and copies itself during cell division, provides a blueprint for protein synthesis by specific arrangement of nitrogenous bases; Deoxyribose, Double Helix

Cell Cycle

Repeated pattern of growth and division that occurs in eukaryotes

Daughter Cells

Created at the end of mitosis, each has the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell and will be identical to each other

Mitosis

Somatic Cells undergo this in order to repair and regrow, creating two identical diploid daughter cells

Prophase

Preparing, Cell membrane begins to break down and spindle fibers form

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle and spindle fibers attach to the centromere

Anaphase

Spindle fibers pull the sister chromatids apart, pulling them away from the center of the cell

Telophase

Cells membrane forms, spindle fibers retract, and chromosomes uncoil as the cell starts to become two

Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm into two individual cells

Cancer

Uncontrolled Cell Growth (tumor)

Gamete

Sexual reproductive cell (egg and sperm)

Somatic

Body cell (liver, skin, etc.)

Haploid

(1n) one set of chromosomes (egg and sperm)

Diploid

(2n) two sets of chromosomes from each parent

Homologous Pair

Cluster of four chromosomes, two from male and two from female, can exchange genetic information through crossing over

Zygote

offspring (baby) where the egg and sperm meet

Crossing Over

Allows for genetic diversity where the genetic information from male and female swap; occurs during Prophase I

Meiosis

Start with one diploid cell and end with four unique haploid cells

Alleles

different forms of a gene (Ex. 'A')

Dominant

Trait is always expressed if present

Recessive

Trait is only seen if dominant allele isn't present

Homozygous

When an organism has two alike alleles for a trait (Ex. AA or aa)

Heterozygous

When an organism has two different alleles for a trait (Ex. Aa)

Genotype

Genetic makeup of an organism, revealing the types of alleles he/she has inherited (Ex. AA)

Phenotype

Physical appearance/characteristic of an organism (Ex. Blue eyes)

Monohybrid Cross

examines the inheritance of one trait

F1 Generation

the first generation's offspring

F2 Generation

the second generation's offspring

Incomplete Dominance

Offspring is a mixture of the parent's characteristics through multiple generations

Pedigree

A chart made to show inheritance patterns within a family

Codominance

offspring contains BOTH parent's characteristics distinctly

Polygenic Trait

Trait controlled by two or more genes (Ex. Skin color and Eye Color)

Multiple Alleles

Exists for a particular trait even through only two alleles are inherited (Ex. Blood Type)

Sex-Linked Trait

Involves genes on either the X or the Y chromosome; Passed most normally through the Y chromosome (Ex. Color blindness, Hemophilia)

Trait

Characteristic that can be passed from one parent to offspring

Heredity

Passing of traits from parent to offspring

Genetics

Study of Heredity, each somatic cell is a diploid where chromosomes are inherited from offspring's parent

Mendel

Father of Genetics; responsible of the Law of Inheritance

Nitrogenous Base

Part of a nucleotide, consists of Thymine (only DNA), Uracil (only RNA), Adenine Guanine, and Cytosine

Nucleotide

small subunits composed of a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group

RNA

Single Helix, Uracil base, Ribose Sugar

Gene

specific location on a chromosome (DNA) that codes for a particular protein

Transcription

DNA is copied into a complementary strand of mRNA in the nucleus