22-23

Madrassas

Islamic colleges that offered advanced instruction; translated old texts into many languages. (rel.)

Ulama

important in the transmission of belief/islamic practice; scholars who judged, interpreted, and administrated the Quran. Passed the core teachings of Islam. (rel.)

Sufis

Teachers who took disciples to learn their unique practice of personal transformation; spread throughout the islamic world. (rel.) [spread of islam]

The Hajj

The pilgrimage all Muslims make to Mecca; unifying them despite class, race, or gender (rel.)

Baghdad

The capital city of the Abbasid empire in 756 (state build.)

House of Wisdom

Center of academic in Baghdad; researched and translated texts (rel.) (tech.)

Jenne-Jeno

Center of trade built around trade routes. Located on the Niger River; goods shipped from boat to donkey. (environ.) (tech.) (econ.)

Camel Caravan

People using camels to carry goods and travel across the desert. (tech. impacted by environ.)

Monsoon Winds

Strong winds that helped blow ships so they could trade goods between africa/india [NE in apr-sep, SW in nov-feb] (environ. impacting tech.) (econ.)

Srivijaya

Malay kingdom with a critical Indian Ocean trade point, giving it access to many goods (it levied taxes) and attracting merchants (econ.) (environ. --\> strait of malacca)

Borobudur

BUDDHIST temple in Java, demonstrates southernization (Indian culture permeating elsewhere) (cul.) (rel.)

Angkor Wat

HINDU (and later Buddhist) temple in Cambodia (Angkor) featuring native customs and beliefs in addition to Hindu ones (rel.) (cul.) [demonstrates southernization]

Swahili Language

Grammatically African/written with Arabic script, demonstrates the impact of trade on culture (cul.) (tech.)

Great Zimbabwe

African state wealthy off of gold trade (to the swahili coast) (econ. --\> specifically trade)

Southernization

Spread of culture, technology, social, econ. etc. from the global south (south/southeast asia and later the middle east [islam \-- with trade]) into other regions (like Westernization but south)

Neo-Confucianism

revival of confucian ideals w/ Daoist and Buddhist influence, origins in the SONG DYNASTY (rel.) [demonstrates how religions change over time/as they move]

Censorate

Agency within the Chinese government that checks the merit of public officials (in charge of exams) (gov.)

Hang Zhou

SONG DYNASTY capital, bustling and prosperous (state build.)

Footbinding

the act of women breaking their foot to make it fit into small shoes, spurred by confucian ideals of the small, frail, submissive woman (cul.)

"Middle Kingdom" / 中国

The name China gave itself, a reference to how it was the middle of the world \-- others came to it (state build.) (soc.)

Kowtow

Chinese ritual where other nations (nomadic states) present a gift and show submission to the Chinese emperor and are rewarded with a much greater gift from China (gov.) [in theory, it was no so simple tho]

Xiongnu

large nomadic empire that overwhelmed/extorted HAN DYNASTY China in promise of 'we won't invade' (soc.) [demonstrates the strength of nomadic pastoralists in the time, 1200-1450 CE]

Pure Land School of Buddhism

popular form of Buddhism in China because it was distinctly Chinese and there was little to do [faithfully recite 'amitabha'] (rel.) (cul.)

An Lushan Rebellion

attack on TANG DYNASTY China launched by a foreign general --\> traditionalist use as an argument against 'foreignness' [including buddhism] (soc.)

Fuedalism

political system where peasants farm land to lords for protection, and lords serve kings [of a region]. Very fragmented and reliant on land for farming (gov.)

Europe from 600-1450

THE DARK AGES, far behind other civilizations in terms of technology and participation in trade (mostly farming, so expansion of land is big)

Mexica

nomads from northern Mexico that help form the Aztec Empire (state build.)

Triple Alliance

Agreement between MEXICA, tetzcoco and the tlacopan that began the military conquest to form the Aztec empire (state build.)

Tenochtitlan

Capital city of the Aztec empire, very wealthy and rich (architecture), where Aztec rulers collected their 'tribute' (state build.)

Chinampas (floating gardens)

Artificial swampland islands that produced agricultural product (environ. --\> manipulation by man) (tech.)

Huitzilopochtli

Aztec deity who fights darkness, requires blood sacrifice to keep fighting (rel.) [inspired Aztecs to continue conquering other peoples (

Quechua

original language of the Inca, local leaders were forced it for cultural integration [their sons were taken to CUZCO - capital city - for further integration] (cul.)

Gender Parallelism

The idea that 'women and men perform different functions separate from each other, but are equally important' [false gender binary]

Incan Roads

Elaborate series of roads that connected the Incan empire, making travel extremely easy (environ. --\> manipulation by man)

Mita

Incan system of conquered peoples forced into labor for "gov.t projects" --\> Incan Roads, [Spanish adopt/change this system into encomienda, to JUSTIFY enslaving individuals]

Pastoralism

A way of life dependent on herding livestock, rather than farming (cul.) (environ. --\> often nomadic pastoralists move around a lot to follow plant growth to feed their herds) [eastern hemisphere practice]

Modun

Ruler of the Xiongnu, who managed to unite fragmented pastoralists into one organized, empire (state build.)

Xiongnu

Pre-mongol, pastoralist empire that grew under Modun; managed to exploit the HAN DYNASTY Chinese Emperor and recognize them as equals (state build.) [demonstrates the power that nomadic pastoralists had at this time]

Turks

Mongolian + South Siberian nomadic pastoralists who built alliances - forming an empire of fragmented pastoralists - who created the ottoman empire [spanning from China, to the Middle East, to Anatolia] (state build.)

Temujin/Chinggis Khan

Unifier of Mongolian nomadic pastoralists, later becomes the MONGOLS. Very cruel to resistance, but tolerant in other many other ways [religious] [also demonstrates the power of nomadic pastoralists]

Yuan Dynasty

Mongol rule in China [they took the MANDATE OF HEAVEN], adopting some Chinese traditions and refusing others [ie. emperorship VS exam system/women's place in court] (state build.) (cul.)

Khubilai Khan

Chinggis Khan's grandson who reigned over China [continuity of mongol rule]

Mandate of Heaven

The idea that Chinese emperors and families were given their power by gods/deities (cul.) (rel.) [a continuity throughout Chinese Dynasties]

Heluge

First il-Khan of Persia, led the VIOLENT conquest of Persia [destroying farmland and irrigation, taxes/torture] (environ. --\> used to conquer Persia)

Khutulun

Mongol princess, skilled warrior, wrestler, leader, extremely autonomous in her own life [demonstrates the relative freedom of Mongol women compared to agrarian women]

The Golden Hoarde/Kipchak Khanate

Mongol rule in Russia, 'puppet government', controlled local princes by extortion and threat of invasion (state build.)

Encomienda

Spanish Settler Colonialism System: the Spanish Crown granted Peninsulares settlers indigenous people who they used for forced labor and taught the Christian faith (rel.) [slavery!]

Repartimiento

A system that replaced ENCOMIENDA, very similar but the Spanish Crown had more power/control [what land is used for, ie. to farm cash crops], wanted more $$$ for the crown (state build.)

Hacienda

Also, Spanish settler colonialism in Latin America, wealthy families get land and it is farmed by slave labor [sim. to encomienda/repartimiento]

Peninsulares

Spaniards who had been born in Spain, seen as superior (soc.)

Creoles

Spaniards born in the Americas, seen as 'less than' Peninsulares (soc.)

Tupac Amaru Revolt

\[Tupac Amaru was the last Incan Emperor] Revolt by native peoples against colonizers, leader was the 'female Incan' [represents AGENCY, they were not idle during invasion, and it's continuity throughout history]

Agency

Someone's ability to impact the world around them [refers to change and continuity, people who are colonized stil maintain AGENCY]

Middle Passage

Brutal transportation of millions of enslaved individuals from Africa to the Americas, cramped into unclean underships - often drowning themselves for release (econ.)

Cowrie Shells

A currency used in West Africa; bought by Europeans with silver so they could purchase slaves [silver part of world-wide trade] (econ.) (cul.)

Kingdom of Dahomey

West African state that expanded (warfare) BECAUSE of slave-trading (w/ Portuguese --\> they were the first ones!) and housed many women, ruled by a Queen Mother, mixed and diverse (soc. change --\> women dominating due to lack of men)

Queen Nzinga

QUEEN of Matumba/Ndongo who guided and protected the state from the Portuguese (invasion for slave trade), European, and African rivals [demonstrates impact slave trade had on women AND idea that some west african kingdoms resisted slave trade]

Dutch east India Company

under a charter from the Netherlands to monopolize trade by all means. Displaced portuguese ports, destroyed and took over spice islands (destroying economies), trading bulk goods AS WELL AS luxury goods (econ.) (gov. --\> expansion)

British East India Company

under a charter from England to monopolize trade by all means. Established major trade ports in India, replaced Portuguese ports but didn't conquer land [paid -bribed- to be included in Indian Ocean Trade] (econ.) (state build.)

Gunpowder Empire

empires [includingn EARLY MODERN islamic empires] with a considerable military using firearms/cannons (tech.) (state build.)

Janissaries

Ottoman, elite infantry, personal bodyguards to the sultan. [young Christian boys taken from their homes and reeducated into Islam] (state build.)

Devshirme

Collection of young boys in Balkan Christian communities (fringe of Europe) by the Ottoman empire for reeducation, or to become a Janissary unit [demonstrates upwards social mobility w/in the Ottoman empire] form of tribute (cul.)

Sati

When a widow is thrown on her husband's funeral pyre (rel.) [traditionally Hindu practice]

Jizya

tax on Hindus, Jews, Christians, Buddhists (anyone not Muslim) in the Islamic Gunpowder empires (re.) (soc.)

Soft Gold

Fur pelts [especially sable], which were in great demand globally, often used as payment in tribute to Russian conquerors (econ.) (state build.)

Qing Dynasty

(1644-1912 CE) Chinese Dynasty established by Manchurians (former nomadic pastoralists-Manchu), expanded into modern borders (state build.) [SIMILARITY - nomadic pastoralists claiming the mandate of heaven, like Mongols]

Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689)

defined the borders between Russia and China, stopping possible threat of the Russian Empire (state build.) [not all powerful empires based on military prowess alone]

Toussaint Louverture

former slave who led enslaved people against French control [and internal resistance] during the Haitian Revolution (state build.) (soc.)

Jean Jacques Dessalines

First Haitian (independent) head of state, defined all Haitian citizens as "black" (state build.) (cul.)

Tupac Amaru

Last Inca Emperor, name given to a native american revolt against the new gov.t (soc.)

Miguel Hidalgo & Jose Morelos

2 priests who led a revolt in Mexico for independence, led a multi-cultural and diverse army (rel.) (soc. --\> mainly peasants/poor fighting)

Símon Bolívar

Creole supporter of independence who used the idea of NATIVISM to fight Spanish forces [not easy since race was such a big component of life], fought in independence wars across South America, inspiring others to revolt as well (soc.)

Seneca Falls, New York

site of the first organized expression of 'new' feminism @ a women's rights conference (cul.) {change!]

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

feminist who wrote [a statement modeled after the declaration of independence], as well as other pro-feminist works (cul.) [unrest]

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

feminist association claiming 2 million members in 1914, used peaceful protest/persuasion (cul.) (soc.)

Kartini

Indonesian activist who supported women's rights/education [feminism]

(EXPAND UPON)

Huda Sharawi

Founder of Egypt's first feminist organization, after having attended an international conference in Italy (1923) [demonstrates spread of global feminist movement]

Sundiata

Ruler in Mali; story (roughly) matches historical records [perception of powerful rulers as god-like]

Ibn Battuta

Travel writer from Morocco (Africa) recorded his travels into West African [demonstrates the change religion goes through as it travels, as his version of Islam was different to that of the places he traveled to]

Griots

important african oral storytellers, keeping historical accounts of events (cul.)

Deccan Plateau

Stretch of land in India that was difficult to pass through, making it hard to unify Northern and Southern India (state build.) (environ.)

Caste System

Social system where people are born into classes which dictate who they can marry, their jobs, and friends. 4 castes + untouchables [Hindu system] (rel.) (soc.) (cul.)

Buddhism

Response to the Hindu caste system \-- anyone can reach enlightenment through the 8-fold path and the 4 noble truths (rel.) (soc. \-- emphasis on equality in practice)

Confucianism

Dominant Chinese philosophy that focuses on relationships (how you interact with others \-- RESPECT FOR ELDERS), based off of rigid patriarchal ideals (soc.)

The Analects

Books of Confucian thinking (soc.)

Filial Piety

Important Confucian ideal, respect given to one's parents as well as their ancestral elders (soc.)

Legalism

Chinese philosophy meant to promote orderly society \-- where are step out of line (no matter how small) was met with extreme punishment (soc.)

Daoism

Chinese philosophy that emphasized living 'naturally', w/nature (soc.)

Dao

the way, being a harmonious individual (rel?) (soc.)

Wu Wei

In Daoism, inaction \-- giving into thoughtlessness/effortlessness and natural action (soc.)

Silk Road (location)

Sea Road: Trade routes throughout the Indian Ocean

Sand Roads: Trans-Saharan trade routes

Steppe Roads: Land-based trade routes, the connection into China [for luxury goods]

(econ.) (environ.)

Silk Road (significance)

Major trade routes that connected the global south/eastern hemisphere \-- sharing inventions, goods, ideas, etc. throughout (econ.) (tec.) (cul.) (rel.)

Mongol Empire

Largest land-based empire in history (state build.)

Little Ice Age (LIA)

long-term period of cold, wet, & unstable weather --\> population decrease, illness, famine [bubonic plague] within Europe (environ.)

Manorial System

Small-scale (village), one lord /religious organization governs people and claims peasants labor/produce [feudalism basically] (state build.) (soc.)

Feudalism

political systems where a king grants a lord land, and a lord grants peasants protection \-- in exchange, peasants give lords produce/labor, and lords show loyalty to kings (or religious organizations) (soc.) [LOCAL gov.t, NOT central]