AP practical

popliteal

back of knee

femoral

thigh

Crural

leg

Sural

calf

fibular

side of the leg

tarsal

ankle

lumbar

between ribs and hips

Superior

above

inferior

below

anterior

front

posterior

back

medial

towards middle

lateral

away from midline

proximal

nearer to trunk or point of attachment

distal

farther from the point of attachment

dorsal

back

midsaggital plane

divides body into left and right sides

Frontal Plane

divides body into posterior and anterior parts

Dorsal Cavity

contains skull, brain and spinal column/cord
Cranial Cavity
Vertebral cavity

Ventral Cavity

Thoracic Cavity, Abdominal Cavity and Pelvic Cavity

Types of Connective Tissue

Connective Tissue Proper
Cartilage
Bone
Blood

parietal serosa

line the walls of the body cavity

visceral serosa

line the outside of organs

epithelial

a sheet of cells that covers/lines body and organ surface

Hyaline Cartilage

sturdy support with flexibility

Fibrocartialge

rows of chondrites alternating with rows of collagen fibers- found in cerebral discs and knee

Elastic Cartilage

most flexible- ear and epiglottis

Short Bones

cube-shaped more spongey bone (tarsals/carpals)

Irregular Bone

short bones formed within tendons-

Sesamoid Bones

vertebrae/ patella

spongy bone

small columns of bone with lost of space

Epiphysis

end of long bone

Epiphyseal Line

replaces epiphysis plate after growth

Diaphysis

shaft

Medullary Cavity

marrow production

Periosteum

Fibrous membrane covering made up of dense irregular connective tissue

Haversian canal

runs paralell to long axis of bone

Osteon

Functional unit of compact bone

Lamellae

thin membrane of bone

Lacunae

Cavity of bone

Osteoblasts

secrete the matrix for bone formation

Osteocytes

bone cells formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the matrix

Pectoral girdles

Consists of 4 bones:
1. 2 clavicles \= collar-bones
2. 2 scapulae \= shoulder blades

These four bones are arranged in an incomplete ring that constitutes the bony architecture of the superior trunk.

Clavicle

S-shaped. The only bony connection between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton.

Acromial end

Flat end that joins the scapula.

Acromioclavicular joint

The point where the clavicle swings posteriorly and articulates with the scapula.

Scapula

Composed of a triangular body that is located posteriorly to the clavicle and is part of the pectoral girdle.

Scapula spine

is the sharp ridge that runs diagonally along the dorsal aspect of the scapula

Scapula glenoid cavity

Cup-like to recieve head of humerus- from shoulder joint

Acromion process

The portion of the scapula that articulates with the clavicle is referred to as the:

Superior, medial and lateral borders

The long edges of the scapular body.

Subscapular fossa

The large fossa on the anterior aspect of the scapula is the \________.

Acromion

Located at the lateral tip of the spine.

Glenoid cavity

Inferior to the acromion where the humerus articulates.. Also called the gleaned fossa.

Coracoid process

Superior to the glenoid cavity and is beak-shaped.

Head of humerus

Located proximally on the arm. Articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula.

Anatomical neck

Between the head and the tubercles of the humerus.

Radial fossa(coronoid)

receives the radial head when the elbow is flexed

located lateral to the coronoid fossa and proximal to the capitulum

Capitulum

Capit \= head. Condyle of humerus has this on the lateral side.

Trochlea

Trochlea \= a pulley. Medial cylindrical part of condyle on the humerus.

Two depressions superior to the trochlea

1. Coronoid fossa - on the anterior surface.
2. Olecranon fossa - triangular in shape and located on the posterior surface.

Lateral and medial epicondyles

Located to the sides of the condyle. The medial epicondyle is larger than the lateral one.

Forearm

Has two parallel bones, 1. ulna which is medial, and 2. radius which is lateral

both articulate with the humerus at the elbow.

Ulna

Larger forearm bone and articulates with the humerus and radius. A fibrocartilage disc occurs between the ulna and the wrist. Has a conspicuous U-shaped 1. trochlear notch (or semilunar notch) that is like a C-clamp with two processes that articulate with the humerus.
1. Olecranon - superior
2. Coronoid process - inferior
Each process fits into its corresponding fossa on the humerus.

Radial notch

On the lateral surface of the coronoid process.

Trochlear notch

deep notch that separates the olecranon and the coronoid process

articulates with the trochlear of the humerus

Ulnar tuberosity

Rough and inferior to the radial notch.

Styloid process of the ulna

Distal pointed projection, located medial to the head of the ulna.

Radius head

Disc shaped and pivots in the radial notch of the ulna at the 1. proximal radioulnar joint. The superior surface of the head has a depression where is articulates with the capitulum of the humerus.

Radial tuberosity

Supports the head and neck. Inferior to the neck.

Styloid process of the radius

distal prominence

site of attachment, for ligaments that travel to the wrist

Ulnar notch

On the medial surface articulates with the ulna forming the distal radioulnar joint.

Carpal bones

8 bones that make up the wrist arranged in two rows of 4 called the 1. proximal and 2. distal bones.

Metacarpals

the 5 bones that form the palms of the hand

Phalanges

14 bones of the fingers

Promixal, middle (intermediate) and distal phalanges

Digits II, III, IV, and V each have these three segments to the extremity. The thumb (pollex) only has proximal and distal phalanges.

Pelvic girdle

Made up of the two hipbones. Articulate with the vertebral column and attach the lower limbs

Coxal bone

Formed by the fusion of three bones
1. Ilium
2. Ischium
3. Pubis
By the age 20-25 years of age, these three bones ossify into a single os coxae, but the three bones are still used to name related structures.

Iliac fossa (false pelvis)

On the medial surface of each os coxae this forms the wall of the upper pelvis.

Pubic symphysis

On the anterior region where the pubis bones join each other. A strong joint that contains fibrocartilage.

Sex differences in the human skeleton

Acetabulum

Prominent feature of the os coxae is the deep socket where the head of the femur articulates.

Iliac crest

Superior ridge of the ilium. Shaped like a shovel blade.

Anterior and superior iliac spines

Spines at each end of both ilium.

Greater sciatic notch

Large indentation below the posterior superior iliac spine

Ischium

The bone we sit on. The greater sciatic notch terminates at a bony point called the 1. ischial spine.

obturator foramen

This is the largest foramen in the skeleton

Ischial ramus

Extends from the tuberosity and fuses with the pubis bone.

Superior ramus

Above the tubercle and extends to the ilium.

Ischial Tuberosity

Inferior ramus

Joins the ischial ramus which creates the 1. obturator foramen

Femur

Largest bone in the skeleton. It supports the body's weight and bears the stress from the leg.

Head of femur

Smooth and round. Fits into the acetabulum of the os coxae and permits the femur a wide range of movement.

Neck of femur

Narrow and joins the head to the proximal shaft.

Greater trochanter of femur

Lateral to the head of the femur is this large stump. This large process is an attachment site for tendons of powerful hip and thigh muscles.

Lesser trochanter of femur

On the lateral-medial surface of the femur. This large process is an attachment site for tendons of powerful hip and thigh muscles.