Intro to Sociology Exam 4

Marriage & Family

CHAPTER 14

ambilineal

a type of unilateral descent that follows either the father's or the mother's side exclusively

bigamy

the act of entering into marriage while still married to another person

bilateral descent

the tracing of kinship through both parents' ancestral lines

Cohabitation

the act of a couple sharing a residence while they are not married

extended family

a household that includes at least one parent and child as well as other relatives like grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins

family

socially recognized groups of individuals who may be joined by blood, marriage, or adoption and who form an emotional connection and an economic unit of society

family life course

a sociological model of family that sees the progression of events as fluid rather than as occurring in strict stages

family life cycle

a set of predictable steps and patterns families experience over time

family of orientation

the family into which one is born

family of procreation

a family that is formed through marriage

intimate partner violence (IPV)

violence that occurs between individuals who maintain a romantic or sexual relationship

Kinship

a person's traceable ancestry (by blood, marriage, and/or adoption)

marriage

a legally recognized contract between two or more people in a sexual relationship who have an expectation of permanence about their relationship

matrilineal descent

a type of unilateral descent that follows the mother's side only

matrilocal residence

a system in which it is customary for a husband to live with the his wife's family

monogamy

the act of being married to only one person at a time

nuclear family

two parents (traditionally a married husband and wife) and children living in the same household

patrilineal descent

a type of unilateral descent that follows the father's line only

patrilocal residence

a system in which it is customary for the a wife to live with (or near) her husband's family

Polyandry

a form of marriage in which one woman is married to more than one man at one time

polygamy

the state of being committed or married to more than one person at a time

Polygyny

a form of marriage in which one man is married to more than one woman at one time

shaken baby syndrome

a group of medical symptoms such as brain swelling and retinal hemorrhage resulting from forcefully shaking or impacting an infant's head

unilateral descent

the tracing of kinship through one parent only

Social Movements and Change

CHAPTER 21

acting crowd

crowds of people who are focused on a specific action or goal

alternative movements

social movements that limit themselves to self-improvement changes in individuals

assembling perspective

a theory that credits individuals in crowds as behaving as rational thinkers and views crowds as engaging in purposeful behavior and collective action

casual crowds

people who share close proximity without really interacting

collective behavior

a noninstitutionalized activity in which several people voluntarily engage

conventional crowds

people who come together for a regularly scheduled event

crowd

a fairly large number of people who share close proximity

Crowdsourcing

the process of obtaining needed services, ideas, or content by soliciting contributions from a large group of people

diagnostic framing

a social problem that is stated in a clear, easily understood manner

emergent norm theory

a perspective that emphasizes the importance of social norms in crowd behavior

expressive crowds

crowds who share opportunities to express emotions

flash mob

a large group of people who gather together in a spontaneous activity that lasts a limited amount of time

frame alignment process

using bridging, amplification, extension, and transformation as an ongoing and intentional means of recruiting participants to a movement

Mass

a relatively large group with a common interest, even if they may not be in close proximity

Modernization

the process that increases the amount of specialization and differentiation of structure in societies

motivational framing

a call to action

new social movement theory

a theory that attempts to explain the proliferation of postindustrial and postmodern movements that are difficult to understand using traditional social movement theories

NGO

nongovernmental organizations working globally for numerous humanitarian and environmental causes

prognostic framing

social movements that state a clear solution and a means of implementation

public

an unorganized, relatively diffuse group of people who share ideas

Reform Movements

movements that seek to change something specific about the social structure

religious movements

movements that work to promote inner change or spiritual growth in individuals

resistance movements

those who seek to prevent or undo change to the social structure

resource mobilization theory

a theory that explains social movements' success in terms of their ability to acquire resources and mobilize individuals

revolutionary movements

movements that seek to completely change every aspect of society

social change

the change in a society created through social movements as well as through external factors like environmental shifts or technological innovations

social movement

a purposeful organized group hoping to work toward a common social goal

social movement industry

the collection of the social movement organizations that are striving toward similar goals

social movement organization

a single social movement group

social movement sector

the multiple social movement industries in a society, even if they have widely varying constituents and goals

value-added theory

a functionalist perspective theory that posits that several preconditions must be in place for collective behavior to occur

Population, Urbanization, & Environment

CHAPTER 20

sustainable development

development that occurs without depleting or damaging the natural environment

asylum-seekers

those whose claim to refugee status have not been validated

cancer cluster

a geographic area with high levels of cancer within its population

carrying capacity

the amount of people that can live in a given area considering the amount of available resources

climate change

long-term shifts in temperature and climate due to human activity

Concentric Zone Model

a model of human ecology that views cities as a series of circular rings or zones

cornucopian theory

a theory that asserts human ingenuity will rise to the challenge of providing adequate resources for a growing population

demographic transition theory

a theory that describes four stages of population growth, following patterns that connect birth and death rates with stages of industrial development

Demography

the study of population

e-waste

the disposal of broken, obsolete, and worn-out electronics

environmental racism

the burdening of economically and socially disadvantaged communities with a disproportionate share of environmental hazards

environmental sociology

the sociological subfield that addresses the relationship between humans and the environment

Exurbs

communities that arise farther out than the suburbs and are typically populated by residents of high socioeconomic status

fertility rate

a measure noting the actual number of children born

Fracking

hydraulic fracturing, a method used to recover gas and oil from shale by drilling down into the earth and directing a high-pressure mixture of water, sand, and proprietary chemicals into the rock

gentrificiation

the entry of upper- and middle-class residents to city areas or communities that have been historically less affluent

human ecology

a functional perspective that looks at the relationship between people and their built and natural environment

internally displaced person

someone who fled his or her home while remaining inside the country's borders

Malthusian Theory

a theory asserting that population is controlled through positive checks (war, famine, disease) and preventive checks (measures to reduce fertility)

Megalopolis

a large urban corridor that encompasses several cities and their surrounding suburbs and exurbs

metropolis

the area that includes a city and its suburbs and exurbs

mortality rate

a measure of the number of people in a population who die

NIMBY

"Not In My Back Yard," the tendency of people to protest poor environmental practices when those practices will affect them directly

pollution

the introduction of contaminants into an environment at levels that are damaging

population composition

a snapshot of the demographic profile of a population based on fertility, mortality, and migration rates

Population Pyramid

a graphic representation that depicts population distribution according to age and sex

refugee

an individual who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster

sex ratio

the ratio of men to women in a given population

suburbs

the communities surrounding cities, typically close enough for a daily commute

urban sociology

the subfield of sociology that focuses on the study of urbanization

Urbanization

the study of the social, political, and economic relationships of cities

White Flight

the migration of economically secure white people from racially mixed urban areas toward the suburbs

zero population growth

a theoretical goal in which the number of people entering a population through birth or immigration is equal to the number of people leaving it via death or emigration

Work & Economy

CHAPTER 18

automation

workers being replaced by technology

Bartering

a process where people exchange one form of goods or services for another

Capitalism

an economic system in which there is private ownership ( as opposed to state ownership) and where there is an impetus to produce profit, and thereby wealth

career inheritance

a practice where children tend to enter the same or similar occupation as their parents

convergence theory

a sociological theory to explain how and why societies move toward similarity over time as their economies develop

Depression

a sustained recession across several economic sectors

economy

the social institution through which a society's resources (goods and services) are managed

global assembly lines

a practice where products are assembled over the course of several international transactions