Psych development Textbook

Physical development

involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.

Cognitive development

involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.

Psychosocial development

involves emotions, personality, and social relationships.

normative approach

studied large numbers of children at various ages to determine norms

developmental milestones

approximate ages they should reach specific normative events

Biological milestones tend to be-

Universal

social milestones affect-

individuals in a particular culture

Continuous development

views development as a cumulative process, gradually improving on existing skills (gradual change.)

discontinuous development

development takes place in unique stages: It occurs at specific times or ages. (change is more sudden,)

nature

(biology and genetics),

nurture

(our environment and culture)?

achievement gap

the persistent difference in grades, test scores, and graduation rates that exist among students of different ethnicities, races, and—in certain subjects—genders

stages of psychosexual development

oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

psychosocial development theory

emphasizes the social nature of our development rather than its sexual nature.
-Erik Erikson

Freud believed that personality-

is shaped only in childhood,

Erikson proposed-

personality development takes place all through the lifespan.

Psychosocial Develop. Stage 1

Trust vs. mistrust (0-1)

Trust vs. mistrust

Trust (or mistrust) that basic needs, such as nourishment and affection, will be met

Psychosocial Develop. Stage 2

Autonomy vs. shame/doubt (1-3)

Autonomy vs. shame/doubt

Develop a sense of independence in many tasks

Psychosocial Develop. Stage 3

Initiative vs. guilt (3-6)

Initiative vs. guilt

Take initiative on some activities—may develop guilt when unsuccessful or boundaries overstepped

Psychosocial Develop. Stage 4

Industry vs. inferiority (7-11)

Industry vs. inferiority

Develop self-confidence in abilities when competent or sense of inferiority when not

Psychosocial Develop. Stage 5

Identity vs. confusion (12-18)

Identity vs. confusion

Experiment with and develop identity and roles

Psychosocial Develop. Stage 6

Intimacy vs. isolation (19-29)

Intimacy vs. isolation

Establish intimacy and relationships with others

Psychosocial Develop. Stage 7

Generativity vs. stagnation (30- 64)

Generativity vs. stagnation

Contribute to society and be part of a family

Psychosocial Develop. Stage 8

Integrity vs. despair (65 +)

Integrity vs. despair

Assess and make sense of life and meaning of contributions

Jean Piaget Cognitive Theory of Development

our cognitive abilities develop through specific stages, which exemplifies the discontinuity approach to development. As we progress to a new stage, there is a distinct shift in how we think and reason.

children develop schemata to-

help them understand the world.

Schemata

concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information.

assimilation

when they take in information that is comparable to what they already know.

Accommodation

when they change their schemata based on new information.

Cognitive Development Stage 1

Sensorimotor (0-2)

Sensorimotor Stage

World experienced through senses and actions

Developmental issues in Sensorimotor Stage

Object permanence
Stranger anxiety

Cognitive Development Stage 2

Preoperational (2-6)

Preoperational Stage

Use words and images to represent things, but lack logical reasoning

Developmental issues in Preoperational Stage

Pretend play
Egocentrism
Language development

Cognitive Development Stage 3

Concrete operational (7-11)

Concrete operational Stage

Understand concrete events and analogies logically; perform arithmetical operations

Developmental issues in Concrete operational Stage

Conservation
Mathematical transformations

Cognitive Development Stage 4

Formal operational (12+)

Formal operational Stage

Formal operations
Utilize abstract reasoning

Developmental issues in Formal operational Stage

Abstract logic
Moral reasoning

conservation

idea that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added.

egocentrism

child is not able to take the perspective of others.

reversibility

objects can be changed and then returned back to their original form or condition.

many developmental psychologists disagree with Piaget, suggesting a fifth stage of cognitive development called the ---

postformal stage

postformal stage

decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts.

neuroconstructivism,

neural brain development influences cognitive development.

sociocultural theory of development.

human development is rooted in one’s culture.
- Lev Vygotsky

moral development

follows a series of stages.
- posed moral dilemmas to people of all ages, (Lawrence Kohlberg)

stages of moral reasoning

- pre-conventional morality
- conventional morality
- post-conventional morality

zygote

a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.

Upon implantation, this multi-cellular organism is called a ---

embryo

organism is about nine weeks old, the embryo is called a

fetus

teratogen

any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus.

smoking while pregnant

result in premature birth, low-birth-weight infants, stillbirth, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

Babies born with a heroin addiction

need to be gradually weaned from the heroin under medical supervision; otherwise, the child could have seizures and die. Other

newborn reflexes

inborn automatic responses to particular forms of stimulation. Reflexes help the newborn survive until it is capable of more complex behaviors—these reflexes are crucial to survival.

Motor skills

ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects.

Fine motor skills

muscles in our fingers, toes, and eyes, and enable coordination of small actions

Gross motor skills

large muscle groups that control our arms and legs and involve larger movements

theory-of-mind (TOM)

children come to understand that people have thoughts, feelings, and beliefs that are different from their own.
- (ages 3-5)

Behaviorist B. F. Skinner thought that-

we learn language in response to reinforcement or feedback,

Noam Chomsky believed that--

we are all born with an innate capacity to learn language. (language acquisition device (LAD).

Attachment

long-standing connection or bond with others.

John Bowlby developed the concept of

attachment theory

secure base

a parental presence that gives the child a sense of safety as he explores his surroundings.

two things are needed for a healthy attachment:

- caregiver must be responsive to the child’s physical, social, and emotional needs
- caregiver and child must engage in mutually enjoyable interactions

Ainsworth identified

three types of parent-child attachments: secure, avoidant, and resistant, disorganized

secure attachment

the toddler prefers his parent over a stranger.
-healthiest
-most common

avoidant attachment

child is unresponsive to the parent, does not use the parent as a secure base, and does not care if the parent leaves.

children with avoidant attatchment most likely have a

caregiver who was insensitive and inattentive to their needs

resistant attachment

children tend to show clingy behavior, but then they reject the attachment figure’s attempts to interact with them

Resistant attachment is the result of

the caregivers’ inconsistent level of response to their child.

disorganized attachment

children freeze, run around the room in an erratic manner, or try to run away when the caregiver returns

______ attatchment is seen most often in kids who have been abused.

disorganized attachment

authoritative style

parent gives reasonable demands and consistent limits, expresses warmth and affection, and listens to the child’s point of view.

authoritarian style

parent places high value on conformity and obedience.

authoritarian style can create

anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy kids.

permissive style

parents make few demands and rarely use punishment.

permissive style can create

children who tend to lack self-discipline, and the permissive parenting style is negatively associated with grades

kids raised with a permissive style tend to have

higher self-esteem, better social skills, and report lower levels of depression

uninvolved style

parents are indifferent, uninvolved, and sometimes referred to as neglectful.

kids raised with an uninvolved style tend to be-

emotionally withdrawn, fearful, anxious, perform poorly in school, and are at an increased risk of substance abuse

Temperament

to innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment.

Adolescence

develop independence from parents while remaining connected to them
- 12 to 18 years

Primary sexual characteristics

organs specifically needed for reproduction
(ex: uterus and ovaries in females and testes in males)

Secondary sexual characteristics

physical signs of sexual maturation that do not directly involve sex organs
- (ex: breasts and hips in females, facial hair and a deepened voice in males)

menarche

beginning of menstrual periods,

spermarche

the first ejaculation,

Cognitive empathy / theory of the mind

the ability to take the perspective of others and feel concern for others

emerging adulthood

an in-between time where identity exploration is focused on work and love.
- (18 years old to the mid-20s)

early adulthood

physical maturation is complete, although our height and weight may increase slightly
- (20 to early 40s)