Microbio Exam 1

____ of microbes are _____ while they can also ________ organic waste

What can microbes produce?

carbon, industrial chemicals like ethanol and acetone, fermented foods

Microorganisms are considered _______ meaning they are found everywhere

ubiquitous

Bacteria ________ carbon, nutrients, sulfur, and phosphorus while also using photosynthesis which is _________, and can also serve as ______

recycle; basis of many food chains; food source

_________ is a process that uses microorganisms to _____ or ______ of polluntants

bioremediation; detoxify; reduce toxicity

What is an example of bacteria use for bioremediation?

bacteria degrade organic matter in sewage for water purification of E. coli

Which species of bacteria uses crude oil for energy?

pseudomonas sp.

Pseudomonas sp. act as ______ by cleaning up ______ spills in the ocean

bioremediators; oil

For landfills, successful bioremediation needs ___ + ____ + _____

O2, H2O, micobes

Waste management is where microbes break down or remove toxic wastes from ____ and ______

water; soil

How can bioremediation affect waste management?

by breaking down or removing toxic wastes in water and soil

Through bioremediation, levels of ______ are reduced by ___%, ______ are reduced from 1 million ppb to < 10 ppb, and ______ are detoxified

pesticides; 96; solvents; heavy metals

Bacteria metabolize N2 (gas) to useable ______ compounds like ____ or _____

nitrogen; nitrate; ammonia

Bacteria provide necessary _______ to breakdown ______ into useable nutrients for ruminants

enzymes; cellulose

_________ is a biopesticide that produces ________ and ______ which are _______ to other organisms

bacillus thuringiensis; crystals; endospores; harmless

How do microbes work in insects?

insects ingest crystals which activate and break down into small pieces that assemble into a pore in the gut which breaks down the digestive tract

What is biotechnology?

the use of microbes to produce foods and chemicals

What processes is biotechnology used for?

fermentation, industrial, medical uses

_____ is used for producing biofuel

algae

________ are natural metabolic products made by some bacteria and fungi

antibiotics

What can recombinant DNA technology be used for?

1. enable bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins
2. missing or defective genes can be replaced by gene therapy via attenuated virus delivering a working gene
3. genetically modified bacteria used as insecticide or antifreeze for plants

Which microorganisms are considered prokaryotes?

bacteria, archae

Which microorganisms are considered eukaryotes?

fungi, protozoa, algae, parasites/helminths

Bacteria lack a _______, have ________ make up their cell walls, reproduce via ________ and divide into _____

nucleus; peptidoglycan; binary fission; 2 identical daughter cells

Archae lack a _____, lack _________ so they have a diff cell wall, different cell membrane ______

nucleus; peptidoglycan; lipids

What kind of extreme environments can archae live in?

methanogens, extreme halophiles, extreme thermophiles

Viruses are considered ________, they consist of ____ or ____ core

acellular; DNA; RNA

Core is surrounded by a _______ that consists of _____ and ________

nucleocapsid; nucleic acid; protein coat

If the coat/capsid is enclosed by a ________ then it’s considered an _______ virus while if there’s nothing enclosing the coat/capsid it’s considered a ______ virus

lipid envelope; enveloped; naked

Viruses are only replicated when they are in a _________ which makes them a(n) _______, _______ pathogen/parasite

living host cell; obligate; intracellular

What is spontaneous generation?

idea that life could come from non-living things

_________ associated certain symptoms with illnesses

Hippocrates

________ is a bacteria that infects various rodents and transferred to a new host via a bloodmeal by a flea

yersinia pestis

Yersinia pestis causes _________

swelling of lymph nodes (buboes), intravascular coagulation and subcutaneous hemorrhaging = necrosis

What was Redi’s experiment and what did it prove?

put meat in containers and closed one of them and saw that the closed container had no maggots while the open did which proved the biogenesis theory

Who discovered the first microscope?

Anton van Leeuvenhoek

Leeuvenhoek’s single lens maginified up to _____ x and is considered __________

300; the father of bacteriology

What did Louis Jablot test and what did it prove?

heated 2 nutrients broths and sealed one of them and saw that the unsealed broth had heavy microbial growth which proves biogenesis

What did John Needham test and what did it prove?

boiled nutrient broth and put in sealed flask and saw microbial growth which proved spontaneous generation

What did Lazzaro Spallanzani test and what did it prove?

boiled nutrient solutions for 1 hr in flasks then sealed and saw no microbial growth which proved biogenesis

Who discovered oxygen in 1774 and what did it do?

Joseph Priestly made it necessary for experiments to have air

What did Theodore Schwann do and what did it prove?

passed air through flame heated tube before entering the flask which resulted in no bacterial growth

What did Franz Schultz do and what did it prove?

passed air through strong chemicals before entering a flask which resulted in no bacterial growth

What did Schroder and Von Dusch test and what did it prove?

passed air through a cotton plug before entering flask which led to no bacterial growth

What did Louis Pasteur test and what did it prove?

boiled nutrient broth solutions and put them in long curved neck flasks and left the flasks exposed to air and found no microbial growth which finally proved biogenesis

What did Louis Pasteur discover?

fermentation, vaccines, pasteurization

What bacteria shows up in sour wine?

lactobacillus sp. produces lactic acid

What is pasteurization?

the application of a high heat for a short time

Pasteurization kills ________ but not ______ or ______

spoilage bacteria; yeast; resistant bacteria

Pasteur made vaccines against _____, _______, and ______

rabies, anthrax, chicken cholera

What did Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis do?

he instituted handwashing with chlorinated lime solution to prevent sepsis

What did Joseph Lister do?

used a chemical disinfectant (phenol) and heated instruments to prevent surgical wound infections

Who is considered the Father of Antiseptic Surgery?

Joseph Lister

Who is the pioneer of modern nursing?

Florence Nightingale

What did Florence Nightingale do?

documented unsanitary conditions in hospitals, instituted antiseptic techniques/cleanliness, implemented public health policies, formed first nursing school

What did Robert Koch do?

1. proved that a bacterium causes a certain disease
2. provided the experimental steps to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease (Koch’s postulate)

What are Koch’s postulates?

1. microorganism must be present in every case of disease but absent from healthy individuals
2. suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in a pure culture
3. same disease must result when the isolate microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host
4. same microorganism must be isolated again from the newly diseased host

When is Koch’s postulates not used?

if there’s trouble culturing an organism or if disease has a long latency

_______ is needed to isolate ________ in order to get individual colonies

solid media; pure cultures

What is the problem with using broth?

no isolation

Pros/cons of using sliced potatoes

pro: get isolated, individual colonies

con: not everything grows on it

Pros/cons of gelatin

pro: good for isolation of colonies

con: many bacteria digests it so it becomes liquid

What did Fannie Hess do?

suggested the use of agar which doesn’t degrade by bacteria

What did Richard Petri do?

developed the petri dish because it allows isolation or pure cultures, stimulates progress, and allows air in/keeps contaminants out

What did Koch’s work lead to?

nutrient broth and nutrient agar

methods for isolating microorganisms

agar

petri dish

Koch’s postulates were significant because they established the criteria which the scientific community could determine __________ of a disease and work on controlling the disease

etiological agent

Koch won a Nobel Prize based on his studies of ______

tuberculosis

_______ is the study of host immune defense

immunology

What did Edward Jenner do?

used a vaccination procedure to protect people from smallpox

Jenner used cowpox (_______) to protect against smallpox (________)

vaccina virus; variola virus

Smallpox is spread by inhalation of _______ and ______ carrying the virus

droplets; scabs

What is the 1st and only human disease eradicated by vaccines?

smallpox

How is the smallpox vaccine administered?

stabbing 10-15x with bifurcated needle and must causes bleeding and scar to be protective

What are antibiotics?

chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill microbes

What are the 2 types of synthetic chemicals?

type I = chemical dyes

type II = antibiotics

Antibiotics are natural metabolic products of ____ and _____

fungi; bacteria

Who is Alexander Fleming?

discovered the first antibiotic, penicillium (fungus) = penicillin that kills staphylococcus aureus

What are the main characteristics of prokaryotes?

no nucleus membrane, no organelles, peptidoglycan cell walls are chemically more complex

What are the 3 things bacteria differ in?

size, shape, and cell arrangement

_______ are about 500 um long, spiral shaped

spirochetes

________ are about 2 - 500 um long, round/sphere/circular

cocci

All bacteria have…

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, 70s ribosomes, nucleoid containing DNA

What is the phospholipid bilayer made up of?

peripheral proteins (easy to extract), integral proteins (hard to extract)

Where is the electron transport chain found in bacteria

cell membrane

________ lack sterols but instead have sterol-like molecules called _______

bacterial membranes; hopanoids = structure and stability of CM

What does the plasma membrane do?

has selective permeability

contains transport systems

enzymes for ATP production

photosynthetic apparatus

environmental receptors/sensors

The cytoplasm is located ______ and is semifluid (\~ ___% water) and contains _________, _______, ________, and ______

in the plasma membrane; 70; chromosomes, ribosomes, inclusion bodies, plasmids

Prokaryotic ribosomes are located in ______, made of ______, the site of _______, and are ____S

cytoplasm attached to plasma membrane; rRNA + protein, protein synthesis; 70

Bacteria is usually in a _______ environment so polysaccharide granules, lipid inclusions, and sulfur granules decrease ________

hypotonic; osmotic stress

_______ are protein covered cylinders, ______ is iron oxide which acts as a _______

gas vacuoles; magnetisomes; compass

What is the nucleoid?

irregular region that lacks a membrane, contains the bacterial chromosome = 1 double strand DNA

What are the 4 ways bacteria increase genetic recombination?

1. conjugation = plasmid codes for pilus
2. transformation = uptake of naked DNA from environment
3. transduction = virus carries genes from 1 bacteria to another
4. mutation

The ______ is a long polymer of proteins similar to eukaryotic ______ arranged in ______ ribbons around the cell just under the ____

cytoskeleton; actin; helical; CM

What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?

* internal scaffolding gives stability/support/shape
* helps in cell division
* helps in building CW
* contractile element for swimming

What are the 2 types of bacteria based on the CW structures?

gram (-), gram (+)

How many periplasmic spaces does gram (-) and gram (+) bacteria have?

gram neg = 2

gram pos = 1

What is the periplasmic space?

an active area of metabolism that contains transport proteins that overall allows for an increase in virulence and survival

The cell wall prevents _______ and is made of ______

osmotic lysis; peptidoglycan

_______ is the only enzyme that can attack PG and is found in all ________

lysozyme; fluids/secretions

What is peptidoglycan made of?

NAM and NAG (NAM attaches to teichoic acid)