muscular systems

abdominal muscles

also known as the abs, are a group of muscles located in the abdomen. They include the rectus abdominis, external obliques, internal obliques, and transversus abdominis. These muscles play a crucial role in core stability, posture, and movement.

abduction

the movement of a limb or other part away from the midline of the body, or from another part.

adduction

1. the movement of a limb or other part toward the midline of the body or toward another part.

adhesion

an abnormal union of membranous surfaces due to inflammation or injury.

agonist

a muscle whose contraction moves a part of the body directly.

analgesic

1. an analgesic drug.

antagonist

a muscle whose action counteracts that of another specified muscle.

anti-inflammatory

NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) can reduce pain, fever and other types of inflammation

antispasmodic

1. an antispasmodic drug.

ataxia

without coordination

atrophy

(of body tissue or an organ) waste away, especially as a result of the degeneration of cells, or become vestigial during evolution.

automaticity

the quality or fact of being performed involuntarily or unconsciously, as a reflex, innate process, or ingrained habit

biceps brachii

any of several muscles having two points of attachment at one end.

biceps femoris

a long muscle in the posterior compartment of the thigh responsible for movement at both the hip and knee joints

biopsy

a procedure to remove cells, tissue or fluid for examination by a medical pathologist

cardiac muscle

makes up the thick middle layer of the heart

carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

a common neurological disorder that occurs when the median nerve, which runs from your forearm into the palm of the hand, becomes pressed or squeezed at the wrist.

certified fitness trainer (CFT)

health/fitness professionals who, using an individualized approach, assess, motivate, educate

circumduction

the movement of the limb, hand, or fingers in a circular pattern, using the sequential combination of flexion, adduction, extension, and abduction motions

computerized tomography (CT)

1. a form of tomography in which a computer controls the motion of the X-ray source and detectors, processes the data, and produces the image.

contractility

the relative ability of the heart to eject a stroke volume (SV) at a given prevailing afterload (arterial pressure) and preload (end-diastolic volume; EDV).

contracture

a condition of shortening and hardening of muscles, tendons, or other tissue, often leading to deformity and rigidity of joints.

deep tendon reflexes (DTR)

biceps, brachioradialis, triceps, patellar, and ankle.

deltoid

muscle is a large triangular-shaped muscle that lies over the glenohumeral joint and which gives the shoulder its rounded contour

depression

a common but serious mood disorder.

dorsiflexion

the backward bending and contracting of your hand or foot

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

(DMD)

one of the most severe forms of inherited muscular dystrophies.

dystaxia

lack of muscular coordination resulting in shaky limb movements and unsteady gait.

elasticity

the ability of an object or material to resume its normal shape after being stretched or compressed; stretchiness.

electromyogram (EMG)

measures muscle response or electrical activity in response to a nerve's stimulation of the muscle.

elevation

movement in a superior direction

endomysium

wispy layer of areolar connective tissue that ensheaths each individual muscle fiber, or muscle cell.

epimysium

1. a sheath of fibrous elastic tissue surrounding a muscle.

eversion

the act of turning inside out

excitability

an intrinsic membrane property that allows a cell to generate an electrical signal or AP in response to stimuli of sufficient magnitude.

exercise physiologist

Analyze a client's medical history to assess their risk during exercise and to determine the best exercise and fitness regimen for the client

extensibility

the ability to be extended or stretched.

extension

that by which something is extended or enlarged; an addition:

fascia

a thin casing of connective tissue that surrounds and holds every organ, blood vessel, bone, nerve fiber and muscle in place.

fasciitis

inflammation of the fascia

flaccidity

the state or condition of being soft and limp; flabbiness or lack of firmness:

flexion

the action of bending or the condition of being bent, especially the bending of a limb or joint.

frontalis

a part of the head and neck anatomy.

gastrocnemius

1. the chief muscle of the calf of the leg, which flexes the knee and foot. It runs to the Achilles tendon from two heads attached to the femur.

gluteus maximus

1. any of three muscles in each buttock which move the thigh, the largest of which is the gluteus maximus.

gluteus medius

is the prime mover of abduction at hip joint

goniometry

1. an instrument for the precise measurement of angles, especially one used to measure the angles between the faces of crystals.

hemiparesis

weakness or the inability to move on one side of the body, making it hard to perform everyday activities like eating or dressing.

hemiplegia

1. paralysis of one side of the body.

hyperextension

excessive movement of a joint in one direction

hypertrophy

focuses mostly on developing your muscles

hypotonia

decreased muscle tone

impingement syndrome

a condition in which the tendons of the rotator cuff of the shoulder are pinched as they pass between the top of the upper arm (humerus) and the tip of the shoulder (acromion).

insertion

the action of inserting something.

inversion

the movement of the sole towards the median plane - so that the sole faces in a medial direction.

involuntary muscles

the muscles that contract or move without conscious control.

latissimus dorsi

a broad, flat muscle occupying most of the lower posterior thorax.

leiomyoma

a group of benign smooth muscle tumors commonly present in premenopausal women.

leiomyosarcoma

a type of rare cancer that grows in the smooth muscles

ligament

a short band of tough, flexible fibrous connective tissue which connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint.

magnetic resonance imaging

(MRI)

a type of diagnostic test that can create detailed images of nearly every structure and organ inside the body

muscle

pumping blood and supporting movement to lifting heavy weights or giving birth.

muscle fibers

a single cylindrical muscle cell

muscular dystrophy (MD)

a group of genetic diseases that cause progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscles

muscular system

composed of specialized cells called muscle fibers

myalgia

pain in a muscle or group of muscles.

myasthenia gravis

a chronic autoimmune disorder in which antibodies destroy the communication between nerves and muscle, resulting in weakness of the skeletal muscles.

myocele

protrusion of a muscle through a rupture in its sheath.

myolysis

the destruction of muscle tissue.

myoma

smooth, non-cancerous tumors that may develop in or around the uterus.

myomalacia

Softening of muscular tissue.

myoparesis

Weakness or incomplete paralysis of a muscle.

myoplasty

surgical transfer and stimulation of skeletal muscle for functional substitution or enhancement.

myorrhexis

The laceration or tearing of a muscle.

myositis

a rare group of diseases characterized by inflamed muscles, which can cause prolonged muscle fatigue and weakness

narcotic

drug that produces analgesia (pain relief), narcosis (state of stupor or sleep), and addiction (physical dependence on the drug).

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory

drugs (NSAIDs)

are medications that reduce inflammation, pain and fever

nuclear medicine imaging (NMI)

uses small amounts of radioactive material to diagnose or treat a variety of diseases, including many types of cancers, heart disease and certain other abnormalities within the body.

origin

the attachment site that doesn't move during contraction,

paraplegia

1. paralysis of the legs and lower body, typically caused by spinal injury or disease.

paresthesia

a burning or prickling sensation that is usually felt in the hands, arms, legs, or feet, but can also occur in other parts of the body

pectoralis major

the superior most and largest muscle of the anterior chest wall.

perimysium

1. the sheath of connective tissue surrounding a bundle of muscle fibers.

physical therapy

to relieve pain, help you move better or strengthen weakened muscles.

plantar fasciitis

inflammation of the plantar fascia, tissue in the foot used during walking and foot movement

plantar flexion

the movement of the foot in a downward motion away from the body.

pronation

the way your foot rolls inward for impact distribution upon landing.

quadriplegia

1. paralysis of all four limbs; tetraplegia.

radiography

a type of x-ray procedure,

range-of-motion (ROM) testing

used to measure the degree of movement of a joint

range-of-motion (ROM) therapy

means the extent or limit to which a part of the body can be moved around a joint or a fixed point

rectus femoris

flexes the hip along with the sartorius and iliopsoas and extends the lower leg at the knee,

Rest Ice Compression Elevation

(RICE)

generally accepted methods for treating inflammation after trauma, such as acute ankle sprain

rhabdomyoma

a noncancerous (benign) tumor that typically grows in clusters in the heart

rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS)

a type of sarcoma

rigor

a sudden feeling of cold with shivering accompanied by a rise in temperature, often with copious sweating, especially at the onset or height of a fever.

rotation

sarcopenia

movements made about the longitudinal axis and in the transverse plane

sartorius

1. a long, narrow muscle running obliquely across the front of each thigh from the hipbone to the inside of the leg below the knee.

shin splint

re caused by repetitive stress on the shinbone and the connective tissues that attach your muscles to the bone