PGOV 101 Final

Pros of a hierarchy

-Efficient
-Clear lines of accountability

Cons of a hierarchy

- Unresponsive to public
- Lack of innovation

Pros of a market

- Efficiency
- Transfer risk to private sector

Cons of a Market

- Higher cost
- Less transparency

Pros of a network

- Information sharing
- Facilitates problem solving

Cons of a network

- Information overload
- Accountability

What is a P3

- Collaboration between government and private sector company
-fund projects for parks, convention centres, public transit systems

What is governance

- Process of decision making
- Authority and accountability
- Processes, interactions, collaboration/cooperation

Key to successful P3

- Well-defined objectives
- Contract management
- Monitor accountability

Policy Process model

- Problem identification
- Policy formulation
- Policy adoption
- Implementation
- Evaluation

Policy formulation

- evidence
- objective
- options and alternatives
- policy instruments (regulations, taxes)

Policy adoption

-where decision happens
- Justified to opposition, public, etc
- Legitimize

Policy implementation

- What will affect the policy
- internal variables

Major policy instruments

- tools at a governments disposal
- laws, taxes, loans, public ownership, etc

What is Framing

- presentation of facts in a way that implicates a problem that is in need of a solution for political purposes
- poverty, lack of education, drug abuse

What is a GBA+

- gender-based analysis plus
- evaluates structural disparities
- evaluate how various groups of people may experience various policies, programmes, and initiatives

What is a PESTEL analysis

- a framework used to assess key external factors that influence an organization
- political, economic, sociological, technological, legal, environmental

What is a SWOT analysis

- assess internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) and external factors (opportunities and threats) that might affect your business

Characteristics of a wicked problem

- socially complex problems that are very challenging to solve
- no stopping rule
- a large quantity of solutions that each have their own problems

Wicked problem example

- healthcare
-mental health
- climate change
-poverty

How to address wicked problems

- Provide incentives
- provide and prove more facts and information
-start with small scale solutions
- experiment

What is a tame problem

- well-defined stable issue
- one correct solution and a definite stopping point

What is involved in direct democracy

- a framework that directly involves citizens in democracy
-voting on a specific policy, collecting signatures on a petition to force action, putting questions to a popular vote
-dpendent on public participation

Central agencies in Federal government

- important groups with a key role in vetting, changing, and approving almost all policy direction
-PCO, PMO, TSB, Finance, Treasury board secretariat, the cabinet, ministers

What is the Cabinet

-body of ministerial advisors
- sets the federal governments policies and priorities for the country
- manage each ministry

role of courts in public policy

- can't make laws but interpret and apply the constitution
- shape laws and regulations

what is public policy

- Conscious choices by the government leading to action or inaction to address problems and opportunities
- societal values government decides to pursue and how
- the computer code for our society

Difference between P3s and Privatization

- the government plays the role of the regulator in privatization
- a P3 is more of a collaboration

What are key necessities when facing a pandemic

* identifying, tracking, and forecasting disease spread
* timely and credible risk assessment for decision makers
* national surveillance network
* border control measures

what does a national surveillance framework do

collect, share, analyze, and report public health information

what are examples of border control measures

* traveller restriction
* border closures
* quarantine and isolation orders

Who is In charge of Public health in Canada

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Provincial governments

* Minly responsible for financing and administration of public health care

Federal govt. sets and administers national standards for health care through Canada Health Act

* The Canada Health Act allocates funding support for provincial and territorial healthcare services

What does the Public Health Agency of Canada do?

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* Supports federal minister of health on public issues
* Leads federal organization in planning and coordinating national response to infectious disease
* Coordinate intergovernmental collaboration on public health matters
* Facilitates policy delivery and access to health surveillance information

Who is the cheif public health officer of canada?

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* Dr. Theresa Tam
* Responsible for public health
* Provides advice to the Minister of health and the president of the agency

What is the Canada Border Services Agency

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* Supports national security and public health and safety priorities
* Enforces federal legislation and orders

What powers does the Canada Border Services Agency have?

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* Can implement a variety of border control measures
* Screening arriving travellers
* Collecting contact info from travellers entering Canada to provide to PHAC
* Enforce emergency order for mandatory quarantine or isolation
* Enforce emergency orders for entry residents at the border

What were PHACS shortcomings in pandemic response

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* effective exchange of health data due to unresolved longstanding issues
* did not regularly test or update all plans for national health response to a pandemic
* Global Health Intelligence Network did not issue alert to provide early warning
* did not consider the pandemic risk or potential impact when preparing rapid risk assessments

How can vulnerability be maintained in the process of disaster risk reduction?

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* Failure to translate lessons observed to lessons learned
* Short-term thinking and quick wins
* Tendency to base decisions on most recent experiences
* Tendency to underestimate like;ihood of harm
* Organizational learning challenges

What lessons did Canada learn from the Spanish Flu

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* Creation of Department of Health
* Basic pandemic protocols established

Lessons Observed For Canada: SARS

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* Need for better emergency plans/procedures
* Lack of surge capacity in clinical and public health system
* Difficulties with timely access to laboratory and testing results
* Stockpiling pharmaceuticals, equipement and supplies to assists the provinces and territories with surge capacity

Lessons Observed for Canada: H1N1

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* clarify, communicate and test federal emergency management roles, responsibilities and mechanisms
* Clarify the decision-making process during a pandemic
* Secure Canadas supply of essential helath equipement, PPE
* Work on communicating real-time policy decisions
* improve harmonize messaging

Canada’s failures: COVID-19

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* Lack of surge capacity (negative capacity)
* Lack of attention to address medical vulnerabilities
* Lack of planning and prep
* Information exchange gaps

What did the Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response advocate for

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* Effective national coordination
* Strengthen the World Health Organization
* Invest in preparedness now
* Elevate leadership for global health

What is a fiscal policy?

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Use of government spending and tax policies to influence econmic conditions

* Tax the rich
* Trickle down

What is a monetary policy

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Policy adopted by the monetary authority of a nation

* Controls the quantity of money available in an economy and channels by which new money is supplied
* Interest rates
* Quantitative easing
* Money supply

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What is the traditional conservative view of  the government's role in the national economy?

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The best government is one that governs the least

* Private sector is paramount, delivers almost all goods and services
* Minimal government consttaints form taxes and regulations
* Dont solve a problem with action, give people the resources to solve it themsleves

What is the traditional libersl view of the government's role in the national economy?

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The government as the indispensable fixer

* Economic and social policies set by the government
* Private sectors regulated and texted to support government initiatives
* Government is the lead actor in solving problems

What are the features of Laisse-faire economies?

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* Let the economy manage itself
* The government has no significant role
* Taxing and spending is minimal

What is countercycle spending?

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* policy measures which counteract the effects of the economic cycle
* Increasing government spending or cutting taxes to help stimulate economic recovery

Features of the minimalist state?

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* Direct taxation within province
* management/sale of public lands belongs to province
* Property and civil rights
* Education

What was the reasoning for the growth of the Canadian state?

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A massive reallocation of resources

* Family allowances
* Pensions
* Unemployment insurance
* Education

What changed in the governments’ role after WWII?

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* Becomes an active participant in the economy
* Increased intervention across party lines

Who dictates interest rates?

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The Bank of Canada

* An independent entity

What is the process of quantitative easing

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1. The central bank creates money to buy bonds
2. This lowers interest rates across the economy
3. This boosts economic growth
4. Extra demand for bonds lowers interest rate
5. Businesses and consumers are incentivised to invest and spend more

How does the Bank of Canada buy bonds?

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* BoC creates money
* BoC uses money ot buy government of canada bonds
* GoC now has money to spend and owes the BoC, which holds bonds

What are the consequences of printing too much money

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* Savings disappear
* Creates a drag on the economy

What is traditional response to a recession

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* Lower interest rates to free up credit
* Spend big to get people working, creating positive feedback
* counter cycle spending

What does the Canada Emergency Commercial Rent Assistance (CECRA) do?

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Provides forgivable loans to qualifying commercial property owners

* reduce the rent owed by eligible small businesses by 75%

What is CERB

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* Canada emergency response benefit
* Provided financial support to employed and self-employed Canadians who were directly affected by COVID-19

Consequences highlighted in the audit concerning CERB

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* Cerb fraud
* billions owed back to the federal government
* Ottawa never borrowed or spent so much to support workers, businesses, and the border economy in a recession
* complaints of emergency benefits to displaced workers in spring 2021 exceeding their income insurance by a lot

What is a government bond?

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Form of bond issued by a government to support public spending

* Includes commitment to pay periodic interest and repay face value

Why is Canadas debt so high?

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* Concerns with subsidies paid to businesses
* Wage subsidies alone will cost Ottawa more than $100B by the end of the crisis
* Corporate profits continue to increase higher than they were before the pandemic
* Federal debt reached 51% of our GDP compared to 31% last year

Whats the main idea of “more federal debt can build a better canada”?

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Rising public debt is managebele if interest rates remain low 

* Particularly as BoC continues buying federal and provincial bonds

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According to  “more federal debt can build a better canada” why would it be  irresponsible not to borrow?

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* Need for more public spending
* Borrowing being pretty much free
* No signs of significant inflation pressure

What “cracks in the system” were exposed by COVID?

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* Lack of preparedness
* Tragedy of nursing homes
* Failure to eliminate chronic homelessness
* Constant exposure to risk and danger in public-facing work

What was argued about relief programs in “more federal debt can build a better canada”?

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* Critical to containing economic damage
* A testament to the inadequacy of existing social protections
* Employment insurance covers too few unemployed and inadequately

What has a federal fiscal policy centered on debt avoidance and tax reduction done?

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* Reduced governments footprint
* Ushered in an unprecedented upward transfer of wealth
* Stunted our political imagination

What does Jim Stanford argue in terms of getting over our aversion deficit spending?

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* We need ambition and strong leadership supported by active central bank
* As long as we borrow in our own currency and largely from ourselves were in good shape

Why does Jim Stanford believe borrowing form ourselves wont burden our childrens generation?

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* Even though they pay the interest, they receive:
* Interest payments
* Better infrastructure
* Cleaner environment
* More affordable housing and livable communities

What does the IMF advise in terms of debt?

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We should issue long term debt to lock in on low-interest rates

What are austerity measures?

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 *Economic policies implemented by a government to reduce public-sector debt*

* *significantly curtails government spending*

What did the three different IMF studys conclude?

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1. The economic costs of austerity were far greater than the IMF anticipated
2. the economic benefits of “neoliberal” policies were badly oversold, while the social and economic costs were significantly underestimated
3. No clear relationship between debt and economic growth and describes an “unpalatable” conclusion there’s no limit to how much debt a government can issue

Why is growing government debt a problem?

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* Significant effect on private investment
* less money available for government programs
* Health care, education, social services, tax relief

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Measures of debt

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debt-GDP ratio

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Why is the debt-GDP ratio useful?

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* Compare govt. Debt between jurisdictions
* Evaluate sustainability of government debt accumulation

Whats an alternative way to evaluating govt. Debt?

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Per person

* Demonstrates how much govt. debt on average each canadian citizen is responsible for repaying

Allocating federal debt to the provinces

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Provinces can be allocated federal debt based on 

* Share of federal revenues
* The total population
* Canadas’ Gross domestic product

What did Elizabeth May say in terms of Parliament

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Parliament is much less respectful to each other since the 1980s

* Fewer scientists
* Less capacity
* Job titles and job descriptions make it appear they have similar capacity
* Given non-elected people advisory capacity 

What was Elizabeth May’s thoughts on Federalism

* How does canada work as a nation when we have such independence ideals differing from province to province
* How do we create a nationally accepted worldview and approach to ongoing issues
* improvement in provincial govt. collaboration would aid with this

How is Trans mountain pipeline an example of good policy/governance systems

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* provides employment opportunities
*  increasing access to global market
* generates more revenues to various levels of government

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How is Trans mountain pipeline an example of bad policy making

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* underestimation of environmental issues
* overestimation of economic benefits
* insufficient consultation with Indigenous peoples

What are the competing national interest highlighted in Trans Mountain Pipeline

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* Slowing climate change
* Economic growth and energy independence/jobs/money for social services


* Some combination of the two?


* Federal policy has always aimed for #3 but shifted between prioritizing #1 or #2

What complications arise in the Trans Mountain Pipeline

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* Defining issues, costs, and benefits means agreeing on a data set and basic information
* Difficult between different jurisdictions
* Different interpretations of the facts

How are canadas jurisdictions entangled

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* provincial and territorial governments have jurisdiction over things like education, health care etc
* federal government allocates funding in support
* Canadian policy deals with more than actors, personalities, and industry
* As a federation, intergovernmental cooperation is essential

what is Federalism

The government’s system in which two constitutionally protected and defined levels of government cooperate in a state

What is a federation

Two or more borders of government with equal status under a `constitution`

What are federal rights in canadas federation

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* Trade and commerce
* Navigation and shipping
* treaty rights and Indigenous rights


* Railways, interprovincial (or international) pipelines

Whats an alternative to federalism

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Unitary systems (centralized powers)

* central governments gives power to sub-national governments (countries, provinces, etc)
* Local governments typically have only those powers granted to them by the central government
* no reserved powers

What are provincial rights in Canadas federation

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* Given authority to act on behalf of citizens
* education
* health care
* social welfare
* highways

Who did pipeline consultation involve?

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* Interest groups
* Indigenous communities
* Scientists, academic, experts
* People

Why was intergovernmental and external consultation important for the Trans Mountain Pipeline?

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* Ensures that the view of all parties is taken into consideration when making decisions
* If all the information is shared, government and stakeholders will often reach the same conclusions
* Harmonization with provinces
* Development of a better final product

How are federal states typically marked

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By cultural or linguistic differences

Why did states evolve into federal systems

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* As a response to entire countries need for
* Mutual defence 
* Economic gain
* Maintenance of regional identities and interests

What is the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and what does it do?

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* Set of laws part of the constitution
* containing basic rules about how a country operates


* Set out rights and freedoms that Canadians believe are necessary in a free democratic society

Why do we have the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms?

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* concern for internal considerations
* mutual concern for future canadian provinces

How does the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms shape guardrails for governments now?

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* protects fundamental rights
* limits government power
* protects minority rights
* promotes accountability
* shapes Canadian identity

What is peripheralized federalism

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The regional governments dominate

* Canada or Switzerland

What is centralized federalism

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The national government rules

* Russia or Mexico

What is confederation

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The act of coming together to form a federal system rather than a confederal system itself

* “Entering into confederation” – joining a federal body

What is co-operative federalism

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Co-operation and coordination of policy between the fedeeral and provincial levels of government