unit 1

supine

recumbent, lying on back, face upward

prone

lying on abdomen, face down

cephalic (cephalon)

head

cervical

neck

acromial (point)

shoulder

axillary

arm pit

brachial

arm

cubit/olecranal

back of elbow

antebrachial

forearm

carpal

wrist

palmar/volar

front of hand

digital/phalangeal

fingers

pollex

thumb

dorsal

back

occipital

back of skull

scapular

shoulder blade

vertebral

spine

thoracic

chest

sternal

breast bone

lumbar

lower back

abdomen

belly area

coxae

hip

inguinal

groin

sacral

between hips above buttocks

coccygeal

tailbone

perineal

between anus and external genitals

gluteal

buttocks

femoral

thigh

patellar

knee cap

popliteal

back of knee

crural/crux

leg (shin)

sural

back of leg (calf)

tarsal

ankle

pedal

foot

dorsum

top of foot

plantar

bottom of foot

calcaneal

heel

hallux

big toe

Median/Sagittal Plane

Y axis

left v right

Frontal/Coronal Plane

X axis

front v back

Transverse Plane

Z axis

top v bottom

Transverse plane movement

* internal rotation (medial)
* external rotation (lateral)
* horizontal adduction
* horizontal abduction

sagittal plane movement

flexion

extension

frontal plane movement

* vertical adduction
* vertical abduction
* lateral flexion of spine

proximal

closer to spine/median plane

(closer or farther)

distal

away from spine/median plane

(closer or farther)

posterior / dorsal

towards back

ventral / anterior/ rostral

front

cranial / superior

up

caudal / inferior

down

medial

closer to median plane

(used for side to side)

lateral

farther from median plane

(used for side to side)

dorsum surface

superior aspect of any part that protrudes from the body

palmar/sole

inferior aspect of any part that protrudes from the body

superficial / external

outside

deep / internal

inside

Layers from skin to muscle

skin---superficial fascia---deep fascia---epimysium---muscle

unilateral

only on one side of the median plane

bilateral

paired structures

ipsilateral

when two structures on the same side of the median plane are involved

contralateral

when two structures on opposite sides of the median plane are involved

combo plane movements

* diagonal adduction
* diagonal abduction
* circumduction

integumentary system

skin: epidermis (superficial) and dermis (deep connective)

fascia

wrapping, packaging, and insulating layers

fascial layers

superficial

deep

investing (protrude in the muscle)

bursa

closed sacs or enveloped of serous membrane

* fluid producing
* normally collapsed
* PURPOSE IS TO LUBRICATE / REDUCE FRICTION
* potential space

axial skeleton

bones of the head, neck, and trunk

including coccyx

appendicular skeleton

bones of the limbs

compact bone/tissue

dense hard layer

protection

trabecular (columns)/ spongy bone

porous layer

support

long bones

tubular

short bones

cuboidal

flat bones

usually serve protective function

irregular bones

have various shapes other than long, short, or flat

sesamoid bones (floating)

enveloped within tendons

* protect the tendons from excessive wear

body

the principal mass of a bone (shaft or weight bearing portion)

capitulum

small, round, articular head

condyle

rounded, knuckle-like articular area, often occurring in pairs

crest

ridge of bone

epicondyle

eminence superior or adjacent to a condyle

facet

smooth flat area, usually covered with cartilage, where a bone articulates with another bone

foramen

passage through a bone

fossa

hollow or depressed area (fossil)

groove

elongated depression or furrow

head

large, round articular end

line

linear elevation, sometimes called a ridge

malleolus

rounded process

neck

relatively narrow portion proximal to the head

notch

indentation at the edge of a bone

process

an extension or projection serving a particular purpose, having a characteristic shape, or extending in a particular direction

protuberance

a bulge or projection of bone

shaft

the diaphysis, or body, of a long bone

spine

thorn-like process

trochanter

large blunt elevation

trochlea

spool-like articular process or process that acts as a pulley

tubercle

small raised eminence

tuberosity

large rounded elevation

ligament

connects bone to bone

3 types of articulations (joints)

synovial (movement)

fibrous (strength)

cartilaginous (shock/flexibility)

6 major types of synovial joints

* plane joint
* hinge joint
* saddle joint
* condyloid joint
* ball and socket
* pivot joint