WWI

entente

a non-binding agreement to follow common policies

militarism

glorification of the military

Alsace and Lorraine

provinces claimed by both Germany and France

ultimatum

a final demand

neutrality

the policy of not taking sides in a war

Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary

What nations made up the Triple Alliance?

competition for colonial territories

What was a major cause of rising international tensions in the early 1900's?

They saw thee Austrians as oppressive foreign rulers

Why were Serbian nationalists angry when Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary visited Bosnia?

Austria declared war on Serbia, and Russia was its ally

For what reasons did Russia join in World War I?

war on two fronts

What was the Schlieffen Plan designed to avoid?

U-boat

caused great damage to British shipping

convoy

for protection, the Allies would organize supply ships into a

stalemate

no side can gain victory

Dardanelles

Turkey cut off Allied supply lines by closing these

zeppelin

what Germany used to bomb England

What was the main result of the first Battle of the Marne?

It ended Germany's hopes for a quick victory on the Western Front

What had the greatest impact on the outcome of the war?

submarines

What countries battled each other on the war's Eastern Front?

Germany and Russia

Describe an important change during the war

the Ottoman empire joined the Central Powers

T.E. Lawrence played a key role in

the war in the Middle East

conscription

requiring people to serve in the military or other service

atrocity

a horrible act against innocent people

armistice

an agreement to end fighting

total war

focusing all of a nation's resources on war

propaganda

spreading ideas in support of a cause

it used u-boats to sink ships carrying supplies to Britain

How did Germany respond to the British naval blockade?

How did women help in the war effort?

they worked in war industries

What was the immediate result of Russia's withdrawal from the war?

Germany concentrated its forces on the Western front

What event boosted Allied morale in 1917?

the United States joined the war

What were the Fourteen Points?

Wilson's terms for ending the war and future wars

Pandemic

spread of a disease across a large area

Reparations

payments for war damage

radicals

people who wanted to make extreme changes

collective security

a group of nations acts as one to preserve the peace of all

mandate

territories administered by western powers

France, Britain, and the United States

The "Big Three" included the leaders of

The Treaty of Versailles

forced Germany to pay reparations

many overlapping claims to territories

What problem threatened the peace in postwar Europe?

the United States refused to join it

The League of Nations was weakened because

When did WWI start?

July 28, 1914

When did WWI end?

November 11, 1918

About how many died or were wounded?

8 million died with Russia having the most (1.7 mil) 22,000,000 were wounded

Causes of WWI

MANIA:Militarism, Alliances, nationalism, Imperialism, Assassination

Militarism

Policy of building up a strong military to prepare for war (arms race), nations glorified war, and stirred up nationalism

Alliances

Agreements between nations to provide aid and protect one another

Central Powers

Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire

Allies

Britain, France, Russia, US

Who was in the Tripe Entente?

France, Russia Great Britain

Who was in the Triple Alliance?

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Nationalism

Extreme pride in one's country

Pan-German

The hope of uniting all German-speaking people

Pan-Slavic

The hope of uniting all Slavic (Russian) speaking people

the Balkan area, and Bosnia

Nationalism was strong in

Imperialism

One country takes over another country economically and politically

Assassination "The Spark"

The assassination took place in Bosnia Sarajevo.

Who was assassinated

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Who killed the Archduke

Serbian Nationalist assassin, Gavrilo Princip

Domino effect of the assassination

Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia for the Archduke's death, then declared war,

Who does Germany support when the Archduke dies? Who does Russia support?

Germany supported Austria-Hungary. Russia supported Serbia. This caused Germany to declare war on Russia.

They support Russia, because of this, Germany declares war on France

Who does France support?

invades Belgium on the way to France

After Germany declares war on Russia, and France, Germany....

supports Belgium, and declares war on Germany

because Germany invades Belgium, Great Britain...

Austria

Who was officially responsible for the assassination

Mobilization

Shifting from producing consumer goods to produce weapons, ammunition, and other war supplies

Schlieffen Plan

plan called for a holding action against russia, combined with a quick drive through belgium to paris, france; after france had fallen, the 2 German armies would defeat russia

fatal attraction of war

exhilarating release from everyday life, a glorious adventure, war would rid nations of selfishness, spark a national re-birth based on heroism

trench warfare

trenches were made to protect their positions and cut down on losses, supplies were brought in at night elaborate system of defense, they were a waste of time and money but they made fighting easier

poison gas

ex. mustard gas, it was a brand new invention so it was not reliable

tanks

french made the renault tank, the german made the A7V (replaced by the Panzer) first battle they were used in

Submarines

German- U-boats

Urestricted submarine warfare

Germany promised not to sink comercial merchant ships without first warning them and rescuing passengers. The Germans were sinking all ships headed to allied locations

Machine Guns

-Maxim machine gun, used by both sides of the WWI conflict

Flame throwers grenades and bombs:

ex. big bertha

East side of war

mobile and bloody

west side of war

stalemate and french warfare

Gallipoli Campaign

Winston Churchill proposes opening supply route to Russia through the black sea. The gallpoli campaign to take the Dardanelles was a disaster for the British

dardanelles

natural land bridge, connecting Mediterranean to black sea territory, needed for Russian resupply

sinking of the Lusitania

The Lusitania was a passenger ship that was secretly carrying ammunition to the allies. A German submarine sank the ship. Some Americans on the ship died. Wilson demanded Germany to apologize and pay damages. (why America joined the war)

total war

warring nations engaged in total war, the channeling of a nation's entire resources into a war effort

economic impact

both sides set up systems to recruit arm, transport, and supply huge fighting forces. Government raise taxes borrowed money and rationed food and other products

all nations except Britain imposed

universal military conscription (the draft)

Britain created a \____ in the north sea to cripple germany

british naval blockade, ships were boarded to check for controband

Propaganda

both sides waged a propaganda war. Propaganda is the spreading of ideas and to promote a cause or to damage an opposing cause. Both sides circulated tales of atrocities to flame hatred towards the enemy

Women in the war

as men left to fight, women took over their jobs and kept national companies going, many women manufactured weapons and supplies for the war

Edith Cavell

british nurse serving in belgium who was executed on a charge of assisting allied prisoners to escape during WWI

V.I leads a successful revolution in Russia and signs the

Treaty of Breast-Litovsk which allowed Russia to quit the war

Zimmerman Note

Zimmerman was a german official, he sent a letter to mexico, asking them to attack US. In exchange, Mexico would get some land back in the US

Woodrow Wilson

treaty of Versailles: 4 big leaders- US

Lloyd George

treaty of Versailles: 4 big leaders- Great Britain

Orlando

treaty of Versailles: 4 big leaders- France

Clemenceau

treaty of Versailles: 4 big leaders- Italy

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Leader of Germany during WWI

Franz Josef

Leader of Austria-Hungary during WWI

Sultan Mehmed V

leader of ottoman empire during WWI

The treaty of Versailles

created the league of nations, this organization of countries designed to maintain peace and stability

cost of war

influenza pandemic breaks out 20 million die in a few months, Germany should pay reparations, radicals, wanted extreme changes in Europe

three critical aspects of treaty of Versailles

Germany had to admit for responsibility for the war (war guilt clause), and since Germany was responsible for the war they had to pay for reparations, mainly in France and Belgium 30 billion (4 trillion today), elite of Nations was established to keep world peace (us was not in it)

What did the treaty of Versailles do to Germany

1. vast amount of land taken from Germany
2. military reduced to 100,000 men no tanks
3. no air force

Provisions of the Treaty of Versailles (GARGLE)

1. Guilt Clause
2. Armed forces reduced
3. reparations
4. Germany lost territory
5. league of nations
6. extra countries self determination

what continents were included in WWI

Africa, Asia, Europe (North America wasn't considered a continent yet)