RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

O2 intake

function of the respiratory system

CO2 removal

function of the respiratory system

pH regulation

function of the respiratory system

HCO3

acts as a buffer to bring down acidity

smell receptors

function of the respiratory system

filtration

function of the respiratory system

phonation

function of the respiratory system

cartilage

the nose is prone to damage, so the flexibility of the _ allows it to be flared (better respiration)

turbinates

• moisten the air

• nasal conchae

eustachean tube

drains the inner ear

otitis media sinus

children are much more prone to _

sphenoid

_ at the back of the cavity serves as protection (air bag)

hollow

_ bones make our face lighter

rhinitis

• allergic _

• prevent other things from getting inside the lungs

• breathing through the mouth is unfiltered

blood

the _ in the blood vessels gets congested during congestion

drixine

• vasoconstrictor to alleviate congestion

• cannot be used for more than 5 days

• the congestion will be worse

nasal septum

doesn't go all the way to the back of the nasal cavity

pharynx

• about 13cm long

• Starts at the internal nares

• extends to cricoid cartilage

internal nares

pharynx starts at the _

cricoid cartilage

pharynx extends to the _

nasopharynx

• pharynx

• behind the nasal cavity

oropharynx

• pharynx

• behind the oral cavity

laryngopharynx

• pharynx

• right outside the larynx

larynx

• voice box

• sound is made when vocal cords are closed for vibration

• opened when we breathe in

• when we talk, it closes

anterior

• larynx

• midline of neck _ to esophagus

open

vocal cords are _ when we breathe

closed

vocal cords are _ when we talk

low note

• larynx

• shorter opening

high

• larynx

• longer opening

trachea

• windpipe

• tubular passageway

• 12cm long and 2.5cm in diameter

cartilage

• trachea

• protected by C-shaped _ rings

• needs flexibility

bronchial tree

connect the windpipe to lungs

left

• bronchus

• narrower

• more angular

• longer (5cm)

• supported by C shaped cartilages

• 40 to 60 degree angle

right

• bronchus

• wider

• more vertical

• shorter (2.5 cm)

• supported by C shaped cartilages

• 20 to 30 degree angle

right

• bronchial tree

• when children aspirate objects will be found on the _

lungs

• organs of respiration

• means lightweight

Pleural membrane

• lungs

• Double-layered serous membrane (parietal and visceral)

pleural space

space between parietal and visceral pleura

parietal

• pleura

• attaches to the chest wall

visceral

• pleura

• covers the lungs, blood vessels, nerves, and bronchi

3

the right lung has _ lobes

2

the left lung has _ lobes

alveoli

cup-shaped outpouching lined by simple squamous epithelium supported by thin basement membrane

dust cell

• alveoli

• alveolar macrophage

septal cell

• alveoli

• type ii alveolar

squamous pulmonary epithelial cell

• alveoli

• type i alveolar

surfactants

septal cells produce _ so that the lungs can easily inflate

less efficient

thicker layers will make gas exchange _

less

air moves in when the air pressure in the lungs is _ than that of the atmosphere

equal

when not actively breathing and with the glottis open (free air movement possible), pressure in the lungs and the atmosphere are _

Boyle's Law

states that the pressure of a gas in a closed container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container

enter

for air to _ (enter/leave) the lungs, pressure in the lungs must be less than atmospheric pressure

increase

Using Boyle's law, we therefore must _ the volume of the lungs to make its pressure less

lung volume

_ is increased by the muscles of inhalation

diaphragm

dome shaped muscle, which at contraction pulls down the thoracic cavity

external intercostals

elevate the ribs, increasing the anteroposterior diameter of the chest

exhalation

usually a passive process caused by the elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall

surface tension

cause of exhalation

elactic fiber recoil

cause of exhalation

exhalation muscles

During forceful breathing, the _ help push out the air

lung compliance

measure of how easy it is to get air in

lung elasticity

lung compliance is affected by _

bronchial tissue elasticity

lung compliance is affected by _

airway resistance

change in transpulmonary pressure needed to produce a unit flow of gas through the airways of the lung

tidal volume

• lung capacity

• total amount of air inhaled or exhaled during regular respiration or relaxed breathing

• 500 mL

inspiratory reserve volume

• lung capacity

• supplementary volume

• 2500 to 3100 mL

• effectively inhaled after the inspiration of a standard tidal volume

expiratory reserve volume

• lung capacity

• additional capacity of air

• 1200 ml

• forcibly exhaled out after the expiration of a standard tidal volume

residual volume

• lung capacity

• 1100 ml to 1200 ml

• residing in the lungs after the reserve volume is emitted or breathed out

external respiration

• gas exchange

• the diffusion of O2 from air in the alveoli of the lungs to the blood in the pulmonary capillaries and the diffusion of CO2 in the reverse direction

O2

• external respiration

• diffusion of _ from air in the alveoli of the lungs to the blood in the pulmonary capillaries

CO2

• external respiration

• diffusion of _ from the blood in the pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli of the lungg

high, low

a gas will move from an area where it has a _ concentration to that where it has a _ concentration

Dalton's Law

• law

• each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if no other gases exists

partial pressure

percentage of the gas in the mixture multiplied by the total pressure exerted by the mixture

Henry's law

• law

• the quantity of gas that will dissolve in the liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility

alveolar air, capillary blood

oxygen diffuses from the _ where its partial pressure is 105mmHg to the _ where its partial pressure is 40mmHg

capillary is spread throughout the body

Why is the pO2 higher in alveolar air compared to capillary blood?

capillary blood, alveolar air

CO2 diffuses from _ where its pressure is 45mmHg to _ where its pressure is 40mmHg

Why does capillary blood have more CO2 than alveolar air

partial pressure

the rate of gas exchange depends on _

surface area

the rate of gas exchange depends on _

diffusion distance

the rate of gas exchange depends on _

molecular weight

the rate of gas exchange depends on _

solubility

the rate of gas exchange depends on _

6

respiratory membrane only _ microns

single file

Red Blood Cells pass through cappilaries _ thereby maximizing exposure of each cell

Blood Plasma

Oxygen does not easily dissolve in _

Hemoglobin

O2 is transported by being attached to _

heme

Hemoglobin is a component in blood, containing _

iron

heme contains the _ to which oxygen attaches

O2 partial pressure

factor that affects hemoglobin affinity

CO2 partial pressure

factor that affects hemoglobin affinity

acidity

factor that affects hemoglobin affinity

temperature

factor that affects hemoglobin affinity

BOG

factor that affects hemoglobin affinity

right

• O2 and CO2 transport

• moving to the _, hemoglobin will let go of oxygen

increases

High pressure of O2, as in the alveolar cells, _ O2 affinity of hemoglobin

decreases

Low pressure of O2 as in tissues of the body _ O2 affinity of oxygen, causing dumping of O2 to tissues that need it

less

the more acid the environment, the _ affinity there is between O2 and hemoglobin