Chapter 9 - The Autonomic Nervous System

Cardiac muscle is innervated by the \______

autonomic nervous system

Autonomic motor control begins with \______.

a preganglionic fiber with a cell body in the CNS.

The autonomic nervous system innervates \______muscle.

cardiac

Lumbar spinal cord -
Sacral spinal cord -

lumbar is sympathetic and sacral is parasympathetic

The \________ division of the autonomic nervous system is considered the thoracolumbar division, based on the region of the spinal cord where its preganglionic neurons arise.

sympathetic

Name the muscle type(s) that are innervated by the autonomic nervous system.

cardiac and smooth muscle

The paravertebral ganglia are the site of synapses between most pre- and postganglionic neurons of the \_______ division of the autonomic nervous system.

sympathetic

The paravertebral ganglia are also termed \_____.

sympathetic chains

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands are the \____ of the autonomic system.

effectors

Preganglionic neurons of the \_____ system originate in the brain and sacral spinal cord. The preganglionic neurons of the \_____ system originate in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord.
Multiple choice question.

parasympathetic; sympathetic

The sympathetic nervous system is the \_____ division of the autonomic nervous system.

thoracolumbar

Describe the result of mass activation of the sympathetic nervous system.

stimulation of the entire sympathetic system

Most sympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse with their postganglionic neurons within the \______ ganglia.

paravertebral

The paravertebral ganglia form the chains of \______ ganglia located on either side of the vertebral column.

sympathetic

List the effectors of the autonomic nervous system.

glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle

The stimulation of almost all postganglionic sympathetic neurons is a result of the phenomenon called:

mass activation

Splanchnic nerves are derived from preganglionic fibers that exit the spinal cord \______.

below the diaphragm

Synapses between sympathetic preganglionic fibers of the splanchnic nerves and targeted postganglionic fibers occur within the \_____ ganglia.

prevertebral

Epinephrine is secreted from the \______.

adrenal medulla

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released from the adrenal medulla in response to:

sympathetic stimulation

The \______ nerves are formed of sympathetic preganglionic fibers running from the paravertebral ganglia to the collateral (prevertebral) ganglia.

splanchnic

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers of the splanchnic nerves synapse with postganglionic fibers within the \_______ (also called \__________) ganglia.

collateral; prevertable

The hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla include \______ and \______

epinephrine; norepinephrine

The adrenal medullary hormones cause the same effects in the body as the neurotransmitter \_______.

norepinephrine

The adrenal medulla is stimulated to release hormones by the \_____ branch of the nervous system.

sympathetic

The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is also classified as the \_____ division.

craniosacral

Terminal ganglia are associated with the \_________ division of the autonomic nervous system.

parasympathetic

The release of adrenal medullary hormones complements stimulation by \______ nerve fibers.

sympathetic postganglionic

Autonomic preganglionic fibers arising from the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are fibers of the \_____ nervous system.

parasympathetic

The craniosacral division refers to the \______.

parasympathetic nervous system

True or false: Of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system, only parasympathetic fibers travel in spinal nerves.

False

True or false: Since parasympathetic postganglionic fibers are not found in the spinal nerves, there is no parasympathetic innervation of structures of the skin.

True

Match each innervated body part with the origin of the innervating sympathetic postganglionic fibers

Upper extremities - Lower cervical and upper thoracic ganglia
Lower extremities - Lumbar and upper sacral sacral ganglia
Head and neck - cervical ganglia
Upper abdominal viscera - celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia

Parasympathetic ganglia that supply fibers to effector cells, at very close proximity, are called \________ ganglia.

terminal

For each of the listed nerves supplying areas of the head and neck, list the terminal ganglia in which their parasympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse.

Oculomotor nerve (CN III) - Ciliary ganglion
Facial nerve (CN VII) - Pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia
Glospharyngeal nerve (CN IX) - Otic ganglion

Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system arise from

sacral spinal cord, pons/medulla oblongata and midbrain

While most postganglionic fibers of the \_____ nervous system travel in spinal nerves, most postganglionic fibers of the \______ system do not.

sympathetic; parasympathetic

Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons that travel via the oculomotor nerve to the eyes originate in the \_____.

midbrain

Since postganglionic fibers of the \____ nervous system do not travel in spinal nerves, they do not innervate cutaneous effectors in skin or skeletal muscle.

parasympathetic

The cranial nerves that carry preganglionic parasympathetic fibers are the oculomotor, \_______ , glossopharyngeal, and vagus.

facial

Match each innervated body part with the origin of the innervating sympathetic postganglionic fibers.

Eyes - cervical ganglia
Heart and lungs - upper thoracic ganglia
Urinary and reproductive system - celiac and inferior mesenteric ganglia

The parasympathetic pathway that innervates the eye synapses within the \_____ ganglion.

ciliary

Unlike parasympathetic preganglionic fibers that run in other cranial nerves, those in the vagus nerve synapse at:

terminal ganglia within target organs

The "fight-or-flight" response involves the release of \______.

norepinephrine from the sympathetic fibers and epinephrine from the adrenal medulla

Identify the origin of the parasympathetic preganglionic neurons carried in each of the listed spinal or cranial nerves.

Vagus nerve (CN X) - medulla oblongata
Facial nerve (CN VII) - Pons
Oculomotor nerve (CN III) - Midbrain
Pelvic spinal nerves - S2 to S4 segments of spinal cord

Most autonomic neurons release acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter. Name the type of neuron that releases norepinephrine instead of ACh.

sympathetic postganglionic neurons

LIst the cranial nerves that contain preganglionic parasympathetic fibers.

Facial (CN VIII), Vagus (CN X), Oculomotor (CN III), Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

Tissue responses to sympathetic adrenergic stimulation:

can be stimulatory or inhibitory

The parasympathetic preganglionic fibers of the \____ nerve synapse at terminal ganglia within the innervated organ.

vagus

A(n) \______ is a drug that, when it binds to a neurotransmitter receptor, promotes the same effects as the neurotransmitter.

agonist

The fight-or-flight response is due to the activation of the \_____ division of the autonomic nervous system.

sympathetic

Most postganglionic parasympathetic neurons are classified as \_____ neurons.

cholinergic

Indicate the predominant neurotransmitter released by each type of neuron.

Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons - acetylcholine
Sympathetic postganglionic neurons - norepinephrine

True or false: All postganglionic neurons release either norepinephrine or acetylcholine

False

What is meant by dual innervation?

An organ receives input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

The result of adrenergic stimulation varies: Adrenergic stimulation of smooth muscles of bronchioles results in a(n) \_____ effect while adrenergic stimulation of the heart results in a(n) \______ effect.

inhibitory; excitatory

A drug that binds to a neurotransmitter receptor and blocks the action of the neurotransmitter is called a(n) \_______

antagonist

The adrenal medulla, sweat glands of the skin, and most blood vessels are only innervated by the \_____ system.

sympathetic

List examples of cholinergic neurons.

all somatic motor neurons, sympathetic preganglionic neurons, parasympathetic postganglionic neurons, parasympathetic preganglionic neurons

Nitric oxide can be a neurotransmitter for \______ fibers.

nonadrenergic noncholinergic

Dual innervation refers to both \______ and \_______ fibers controlling the visceral organs.

sympathetic; parasympathetic

The \_____ of the brain stem directly regulates autonomic fiber activity.

medulla oblongata

Sympathetic stimulation can be inhibitory or

excitatory

List several structures that are innervated only by the sympathetic nervous system, thus lacking dual innervation.

adrenal medulla, arrector pili muscles, and sweat glands

Cholinergic neurons include all preganglionic neurons as well as postganglionic neurons of the \_______ division.

parasympathetic

Name the brain stem area that directly regulates motor output for the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

medulla oblongata

Which of the following is true of autonomic innervation of effectors?

ANS stimulation can be excitatory or inhibitory.

Which of the following is a result of parasympathetic stimulation?

Secretion of tears

Atropine will block \__________.

ACh muscarinic receptors

Which of the following most accurately describes how the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems differ?

The origin of preganglionic fibers differs between the divisions, The location of the ganglia differs between the divisions, and The postganglionic neurons of the divisions release different neurotransmitters

The ability for the sympathetic nervous system to activate many effector organs simultaneously is due to \__________.

mass activation

The two major categories of motor neurons include \__________.

somatic and autonomic

The axons that extend from the autonomic ganglion to the effector organs are called \__________.

postganglionic

If autonomic motor neurons are severed, which of the following would occur?

Denervation hypersensitivity

Which of the following types of muscle tissue can contract in the absence of stimulation by a postganglionic neuron?

Both cardiac and smooth muscle are correct.

The most abundant hormone that the adrenal medulla secretes into the blood upon neural stimulation is \_____

epinephrine

The cranial nerve responsible for the majority of visceral innervation is the \__________ nerve.

Vagus (X)

Which of the following describes how parasympathetic responses differ from sympathetic responses?

Parasympathetic responses would not be dominant in an emergency situation.

All preganglionic fibers release the neurotransmitter \__________, while most postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system release\__________.

acetylcholine; norepinephrine

Which of the following are considered to be catecholamines?

dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine

Which of the following is responsible for cholinergic transmission?

Acetylcholine

Which of the following identifies an agonist and antagonist pair?

Curare and Acetylcholine, Atropine and Acetylcholine, and Propanolol and Norepinephrine

Which of the following neurotransmitters must be present in a pharmaceutical drug intended to increase blood flow to a particular organ?

Nitric oxide (NO)

Which of the following organs receives dual innervation of the ANS?

heart

The higher brain center responsible for regulating cardiopulmonary and reproductive systems through autonomic control is the \__________.

medulla oblongata

How can you distinguish the sympathetic from the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

Origin of the preganglionic neurons

Somatic motor neurons have a direct connection between the CNS and their effector organs, while \________ neurons must synapse on with a peripheral neuron before reaching their effectors.

autonomic motor

The splanchnic nerves synapse in the \________.

collateral ganglia

The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system \________.

has terminal ganglia embedded in the visceral effectors

From where do parasympathetic preganglionic neurons originate?

Brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord

The \________ are branches made from the preganglionic sympathetic axons that travel from the spinal nerves to sympathetic ganglia chain.

white rami communicantes

The paravertebral and collateral ganglia are associated with the \________ division of the autonomic nervous system.

sympathetic

Neural crest cells form \________.

preganglionic parasympathetic neurons

A patient in a car accident fractured a thoracic vertebrae and sustained damage to the spinal nerve leaving the intravertebral foramen at the same level. The autonomic structure(s) likely to be damaged by this injury is/are the \________

white rami communicantes

What occurs when one sympathetic preganglionic neuron synapses on several postganglionic neurons?

Divergence

Nonshivering thermogenesis is regulated by the \________ system.

sympathoadrenal

The second messenger mediating the effects of norepinephrine on the heart would be \________.

increased cyclic AMP

Cocaine is a(an) \________ drug, meaning that it promotes sympathetic nerve effects

sympathomimetic

The \________ has both a1 and b1 receptors and responds to sympathoadrenal stimulation with glycogenolysis and secretion of glucose.

liver

Muscarinic antagonists would stimulate \________ pupillary diameter.

an increase