apwh unit one vocab

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Song Dynasty

Chinese dynasty (960 - 1279 CE) characterized by a merit-based bureaucracy, paper money, a printing press, gunpowder, a navy, the compass, and Neo-Confucianism.

Confucianism

The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing filial piety, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct.

Filial Piety

In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.

Neo-Confucianism

Term that describes the resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the T'ang Dynasty; incorporated some elements of Buddhism

Theravada Buddhism

The oldest of the two major branches of Buddhism. Practiced mainly in Sri Lanka, Thailand, Burma, and Cambodia, its beliefs are relatively conservative, holding close to the original teachings of the Buddha.

Mahayana Buddhism

Popular branch of Buddhism followed in China, Japan, and Central Asia. The focus is on reverence for Buddha and for bodhisattvas, enlightened persons who have postponed nirvana to help others attain enlightenment.

Tibetan Buddhism

The religion of Tibet, a form of Mahayana Buddhism. It was formed in the 8th century AD from a combination of Buddhism and the indigenous Tibetan religion. The head of the religion is the Dalai Lama. Teaches that followers can achieve nirvana in one lifetime.

Champa Rice

Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season; led to increased populations in Song Dynasty China. From Vietnam; sent to China as a tribute gift.

Civil Service Examination System

Exams that Chinese bureaucrats passed to serve in state, based on Confucian concepts. Led to the creation of a more meritocratic government.

Delhi Sultanate

Centralized Indian empire of varying extent, created by Muslim invaders. Rose after the decline of the Abbasid Empire.

Abbasid Caliphate

(750-1258 CE) The caliphate, after the Umayyads, who focused more on administration than conquering. The "golden age" of Islam with a capital in Baghdad, location of the House of Wisdom.

House of Wisdom

Large Islamic-based library and learning center in Baghdad. Focus of conversion of Greek and Roman classics and Indian learning into Arabic.

Bhakti Movement

An immensely popular development in Hinduism, advocating intense devotion toward a particular deity. Promoted equality and opposed the caste system.

Sufism

An Islamic mystical tradition that desired a personal union with God- dedicating themselves to fasting, prayer, meditation on the Qur'an, and the avoidance of sin. Missionaries helped spread Islam.

Feudalism

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land.

Serfdom

A type of labor commonly used in feudal systems in which laborers work the land in return for protection. Laborers are bound to the land and not allowed to leave or persue a new occupation.

Manorialism

Economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land; the economic aspect of feudalism.

Great Zimbabwe

A powerful state in the East African interior that emerged from the growing trade in gold to the East African coast; flourished between 1250 and 1350 C.E. Known for its great stone wall created without mortar.

Maya

Mesoamerican city-states concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and Central America. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar. Around 250 CE to 900 CE.

Syncretism

The unification or blending of opposing people, ideas, or practices, frequently in the realm of religion. For example, the incorporation of Christianity or Buddhism into local, animistic, or shamanist faiths.

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi

Persian mathematician and cosmologist who inspired Copernican model of the solar system. Represents the mathematical innovations from Arabs in this period.

Mita System

Economic system in Incan society in which people paid taxes with state-mandated labor yearly.

Chinampas

Floating gardens constructed along lake shores by the Mexica/Aztecs to increase agricultural yields.

Waru Waru

Incan raised crop beds with channels that captured and redirected rain to avoid erosion during floods and that stored water to be used during dry periods.

Bodhisattva

A person who is able to reach nirvana but delays doing so out of compassion in order to save suffering beings.

Bureaucracy

A system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials; the Song Dynasty had a merit-based system.

Grand Canal

A canal linking northern and southern China; helped trade flourish during the Song Dynasty

Dar al-Islam

An Arabic term that means the "house of Islam" and that refers to lands under Islamic rule.

Islam

A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), and a body of law written in the Quran.

Christianity

A religion based on the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, or its beliefs and practices.

Judaism

A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. They preserved their early history in the Torah.

Sunni

A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad; an example is the Ottomans.

Shi'a

A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad; an example is the Safavids.

Crusades

A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule. An opportunity for the pope to bring unity to Western Europe.

Great Schism

The official split between the Roman Catholic and Byzantine (Eastern Orthodox) churches that occurred in 1054.

Buddhism

Belief system that started in India in the 500s BC. Happiness can be achieved through removal of one's desires. Believers seek enlightenment and the overcoming of suffering.

Artisans

Skilled craftsmen that created various products that required skill to make. These laborers are different from labor forms such as mit'a, serfdom, etc as it requires skill.

Heian Japan (794-1185)

One of the neighboring regions of China, during the Heian period of their history, they adopted some forms of China's culture before shutting them off completely. Due to their distance via the sea, they were able to be selective about what components of China's culture they voluntarily adopted.

Korea

Han Dynasty China temporarily conquered this region and introduced it to both Confucianism and Buddhism. They compensated China with a tribute system. They wanted to adopt China's administration system but it never caught on fully.

Song China's Tech Innovations

Woodblock and Moveable type, Gunpowder, Compass, Paper, Iron Industry.

Han Dynasty

The 4th Chinese dynasty. It collapsed in 220 CE and led to China being divided into 3 different regions.

Sui Dynasty

China's 5th dynasty. China reunited under this dynasty and extended the Grand canal system. They were unsuccessful in conquering Korea, which led to their own downfall.

Tang Dynasty

China's 6th dynasty from 618-907. Considered Chain's golden age as it built on Sui's foundations of unity. This dynasty saw the rise of Neo-Confucianism.

Yuan Dynasty

(1279-1368 CE) The dynasty with Mongol rule in China; centralized bureaucracy but structure is different: Mongols on top-\>Persian bureaucrats-\>Chinese bureaucrats. Replaced by the Ming Dynasty that tried to erase the influence of the Mongols in China.

Dynastic Cycle

the historical pattern of the rise, decline, and replacement of dynasties

Hangzhou

Capital of later Song dynasty; located near East China Sea; permitted overseas trading; population exceeded 1 million. Represents the power and growth of China to Marco Polo.

Footbinding

Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; caused pain, restricted womens' movements, made it easier to confine women to the household. Desired by suitors. Signified the upper class, in which women did not work.

tribute system

A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor to their conquerors.

Hagia Sophia

Christian church constructed in Constantinople during reign of Justinian. Most famous example of Byzantine architecture.

Chartres Cathedral

Gothic cathedral in Chartres, France with sculptures, stained glass windows, and carvings of Bible stories.

Great Mosque of Cordoba

A graceful Mosque that was built on the ruins of a Christian Church. Famous for its horseshoe arches, it provides a striking example of the sophistication provided by the fusion of Jewish, Muslim and Christian art.

Templo Mayor

A major temple in the center of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan, dedicated to the god Huitzilopochtli.

Temple of the Sun at Cuzco

Inca religious center at Cuzco; center of state religion; held mummies of past Incas.

Borobudur Temple

The world's largest Buddhist temple located in Central Java, Indonesia.

Toda-ji Temple

A temple in Japan that features one of the tallest statues of the Buddha in the world. Represents the role of Japanese Buddhism in their history.

Angkor Wat

A temple complex built in the Khmer Empire and dedicated to the Hindu God, Vishnu.

Great Mosque of Djenne

A center of religious and cultural life in Mali founded in 1200. A learning and cultural center south of the Sahara located in Timbuktu.

Seljuk Empire

A Turkic empire located in the Middle East that extended their power almost as far east as Western China. This leader called himself sultan, thereby reducing the role of the highest-ranking Abbasid from caliph to chief Sunni religious authority. Limited travel of Christians to the holy city Jerusalem and fought in the Crusades.

'A'ishah al-Ba'uniyyah

A mystic, Muslim poet who wrote about Muhammad.

Hinduism

A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms.

Buddhist monasticism

the fundamental institutions of monks that preserve the teachings of the buddha (Theravada, Mahayana, Tibetan).

Srivijaya Empire

A sea-based empire that flourished from the 600s to 1200s, controlled the Strait of Malacca and its spice trade and a critical portion of Indian Ocean trade. Regulated trade between India and China.

Khmer Empire

A kingdom in modern day Cambodia that was largely influenced by Hinduism from India. It reached its peak in 1219. It relied on irrigation and agriculture to grow wealthy.

Bantu Migration

The movement of the Bantu peoples southward throughout Africa, spreading their language and culture, from around 500 BC to around 1000 AD.

Afro-Eurasia

the vast region made up of Africa, Europe, and Asia

Dhimmis

described by Muslims as "the people of the book"\-- Jews, Christians

Jizya

Poll tax non-Muslims paid when living within a Muslim empire.

monsoon winds

The seasonal wind of the Indian Ocean, Southern Asia, and Southeast Asia, blowing from the southwest in summer and from the northeast in winter. A season commonly marked by heavy rains.

Sharia

Body of Islamic law that includes interpretation of the Quran and applies Islamic principles to everyday life.

Western Roman Empire

An empire that fell for many reasons in 476 AD, nearly 150 years after the establishment of Constantinople.

Byzantine Empire

Eastern half of the Roman Empire that survived the fall of the Western half.

Eastern Orthodox Church

Christian followers in the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire); split from Roman Catholic Church during the Great Schism in 1054 and shaped life in eastern Europe and western Asia.

Incan Empire

The vast and sophisticated Andean empire centered at the capital city of Cuzco that was at its peak from 1438 until 1532. Eventually conquered by Francisco Pizarro.

Incan road system

Incan road system in which all roads led to Cuzco; allowed armies and news to spread quickly, ordinary people could not use these roads; runners stationed throughout empire carried messages efficiently.

Terrace Farming

A method of growing crops on sides of hills or mountains by planting on graduated terraces built into the slope.

Machu Picchu

Abandoned city high in the Andes mountains that showcases the architectural genius of the Inca.

gender parallelism

A system in which women and men operate in two separate but equivalent spheres.

Mansa Musa

Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and was known for his incredible wealth and gold. He established Islamic schools of learning, universities, and mosques in Timbuktu and Gao.

Ethiopia

A Christian kingdom that developed in the highlands of eastern Africa that retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expansion elsewhere in Africa.

The Dark Ages

The first part of the Middle Ages from around 500-1000 A.D.

Middle Ages

Also known as the medieval period, the time between the collapse of the Roman Empire in the fifth century AD and the beginning of the Renaissance in the fourteenth century in Europe. Placed an emphasis on feudalism and manorialism.

Pope

Head of the Roman Catholic Church

Three-Field System

A farming system developed in the Middle Ages in which a field is planted with one set of crops one year, a different set in the second year, and left fallow in the third year. A set of crops is rotated from one field to another each year. Adopted in Europe in the medieval period and led to increased crop production.

Effects of the Crusades

Cultural diffusion between Europeans & Muslims and increased trade between Europe and Middle East

Imperial Bureaucracy

China strengthened as a result of this system, a vast organization in which appointed officials carried out the empire's policies. This has been a feature of the Chinese government since the Qin dynasty. This system represented a continuity across centuries and dynasties.

Magna Carta

The royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215. One of the first documents that asked for specific rights of the people to be respected by the government.

Proto-industrialization

preliminary shift away from an agricultural economy; workers became full- or part-time producers who worked at home in a capitalist system in which materials, work, orders, and sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to the Industrial revolution

Mamluks

Ethnic Turks from Central Asia who served as soldiers and later bureaucrats. In Egypt, they seized control of the government and established the Mamluk Sultanate.

Constantinople

The Capital of the Eastern Roman Empire (the Byzantines), captured by Turks in 1453 and renamed Istanbul.

Meritocracy

A political system in which individuals were rewarded economic goods or political power based on their own merit, such as knowledge or skill, rather than their social class or wealth. In China's imperial bureaucracy, young men were able to attain government positions and highly desired jobs by performing well on the civil service exam.

Chan (Zen) Buddhism

A syncretic or fused faith of Daoism and Buddhism. Like Daoism, there was an emphasis on direct experience and meditation as opposed to formal learning based on studying scripture.

Mesopotamia

A region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that developed the first urban societies. Many cultures that were formed in this region were city-states.

Agricultural (Neolithic) Revolution

The shift from hunting animals and gathering plants for sustenance to producing food by systematic agriculture that occurred gradually between 10,000 and 4,000 B.C. (the Neolithic or New Stone Age).

Griots

West African storytellers that preserved their people's history.

Vijayanagar Kingdom

Southern Indian kingdom (1336-1565) that later fell to the Mughals.

Hausa Kingdom

A group of small independent city-states in northern central Africa between the Niger River and Lake Chad which flourished from the 15th to 18th century CE.

foraging societies

Hunter-gatherer clans composed of small groups of people who traveled from point to point as the climate and availability of plants and animals dictated. Nomadic.

Matrilineal Society

Societies where social standings are passed on from the mother's side. Used by the Mississippian culture.

woodblock printing

A type of printing first used in 7th Century China where words or designs were carved on a wooden block covered with ink and stamped onto paper.

Siddhartha Gautama

Founder of Buddhism, former Hindu prince who achieved Enlightenment and became a spiritual teacher