CDS-2200: Exam 2

Perlocutionary period

Communication is NOT intentional by the child, but the parent interpret it. The parent guides the interaction

Illocutionary period

Communication is intentional, but not WORDS. The child begins to guide the interaction by using gaze, gestures, and vocalizations

Locutionary period

Communication is WORDS. The child can guide the interaction using words

What months does the perlocutionary period take place?

0-8 months

What months does the illocutionary period take place?

8-12 months

What months does the locutionary period take place?

12+ months

What is the modification of paralinguistic communication?

Slower rate of speech with longer pauses between utterances and after content words, higher overall pitch and greater pitch range, exaggerated intonation and stress, varied loudness

What is the modification of nonlinguistic communication?

Greater use of facial expression and gestures, less personal space

What is the modification of semantic communication?

Few different words, more contextual support

What is the modification of syntactic/morphologic communication?

Fewer broken or run-on sentences, shorter utterances

What is the modification of pragmatic communication?

Fewer utterances per topic, more repetition, longer wait time for response, frequent greeting

What are ritualized routines/games

conversation revolves around act of taking turns in a repeated fashion or routine

Examples of ritualized routines

Feeding, dressing, bathing, become highly predictable

Examples of ritualized games

games whose rules are highly predictable & repeated frequently

Photoconversations

vocal exchanges between caregivers &infants that begin soon after birth and continue throughout the prelinguistic period. Care givers and infants vocalize back and forth

Joint Referencing

occurs when two or more individuals share a common focus. Establishing joint reference is critical to initiating communication

What is phase 1 of joint referencing

Joint Attention (1-6 months)

What is phase 2 of joint referencing

Object Referring (6-8 months)

What is phase 3 of joint referencing

Joint reference illocutionary (8-12 months)

What is phase 4 of joint referencing

Joint reference locutionary (12+ months)

Who is in charge in the first stage of joint referencing

Adult (uses eyes)

Who is in charge in the second stage of joint referencing

Adult/child (reaching)

Who is in charge in the third stage of joint referencing

Child (uses gestures + babbling)

Who is in charge in the fourth stage of joint referencing

child (uses words)

Indicating or mutual gazing

When a child gazes in the direction of an object caregivers follow the child’s line of regard and comment on the objects

Deictic gazing

Caregivers will establish gaze with a child, then gaze to an object to try to get the child to follow their line of regard

Marking

Caregivers will establish joint reference on an object by shaking the object or using exaggerated arm movements towards an object and then comment on the object

Triadic Gaze

Gaze shits back-and-forth between an adult and an object or event of interest

Categorical Perception

Within one month infants detect differences between /pa/ and /ba/

Suprasegmental Discrimination

Within 3-4 months infants discriminate features such as pitch and tone

Vocal Behaviors/Babbling: Birth-2 months

Reflexive vocalizations

Vocal Behaviors/Babbling: 2-4 months

Cooing and laughter

Vocal Behaviors/Babbling: 4-6 months

Vocal play

Vocal Behaviors/Babbling: 6-10 months

Canonical babbling

Vocal Behaviors/Babbling: 10+ months

Jargon

Vocal Behaviors/Babbling: 12+ months

Real words grow

Examples of reflexive vocalizations

crying, fussing, coughing, sneezing

Examples of cooing and laughter

State vocalizations, made at back of mouth with back vowels. Laughter & chuckling appear

Examples of vocal play

Loud & soft sounds, high & low sounds, bilabial trills, sustained vowels, some CV syllables

Examples of canonical babbling

Reduplicated babbling and variegated babbling

Reduplicated babbling examples

baba, mama, dada

Variegated babbling

ba de, mo na da

How many consonant sounds account for 95% of consonants?

12 of the 24

Protoimperatices

gestures for requesting

Protodeclaratives

gestures for commenting

What is considered a true word?

1. sounds (somewhat) like the adult word

2. consistent use

3. used with a referent present

Katherine Nelson did what?

Classified first words

What did Bloom + Lahey do?

Classified words by meaning

What has the highest percentage of first 50 words?

General Nominals/Nouns

Fast mapping

• Quick link between referent and word

• Quick learning of a word

Extended Mapping

more mature definition of word grained over time

Similar feature/holistic overextensions

child calls things by the same name when they share the same feature or uses one item in a category to refer to all items

Similar action overextensions

child extends an object name to another object because they seem to produce the same action

Underextensions

• child restricts the meaning of the word and cannot or will not extend it appropriately

• something is the only thing in the world

At 12 months what receptive semantics development does a child have

• Understands 50 words

• categories/example words

At 13-18 months what receptive semantics development does a child have

• Follows simple one step commands

• points to common objects on request

At 19-24 months what receptive semantics development does a child have

• Comprehends 300 words

• Comprehends many action words

• Responds appropriately to yes/no questions

At 25-30 months what receptive semantics development does a child have

• Comprehends 500 words

• Carries out 2 step related commands

• Understands concepts of “one” and “all”

At 31-36 months what receptive semantics development does a child have

• Comprehends 900 words

• Understands concepts of big/little

• Understands concepts of in, on, and under

At 12 months what expressive semantics development does a child have

Produces first words

At 13-18 months what expressive semantics development does a child have

Produces 3-20 words

At 19-24 months what expressive semantics development does a child have

• Produces 50 words

• Names most familiar objects

At 25-30 months what expressive semantics development does a child have

• Labeling common actions in pictures

• Produces ~ 200 intelligible words using 2 word combinations

• Answers who, whose, what, what doing questions

At 31-36 months what expressive semantics development does a child have

• Produces ~ 500 intelligible words

• Gives full name on request

CV syllable type

• a consonant-vowel which varies in production, precedes, or follows the same word

• ba, ga → dog

Empty Forms type

• a consistent word-like form without a reference that proceeds or follows a variety of words

• beda ball

Reduplications

• repeating a single word

• ball ball

Successive single word utterances

• two different real words produced with equal stress falling intonation, and pause in between

• My. Ball.

2 words learned as a single unit

wassat? alldone

Example of an attribute + entity

big bus

Examples of possessor + possession

brother dog, my toy

Examples of recurrent + X (noun or verb)

more food, clap again

Examples of demonstrative + entity

that girl, this cat

Example of nonexistence or disappearance

no daddy?

Example of rejection

no bath

Example of denial

“cow” “no dog”

Examples of X + location

cookie table, sit chair

Example of agent + action

daddy jump

Example of action + object

throw ball

Example of agent + object

daddy ball

Examples of reduplication in normal processes for 1-2 year old children

baba, dada

Examples of final consonant deletion in normal processes for 1-2 year old children

dog → do

cat → ca

Examples of cluster reduction in normal processes for 1-2 year old children

top/sop → stop

Examples of stopping in normal processes for 1-2 year old children

tun → sun

Examples of gliding in normal processes for 1-2 year old children

wide → ride

Examples of syllable deletion in normal processes for 1-2 year old children

nana → banana

Solitary play

playing alone

parallel play

playing side by side , not together

associative play

• doing an activity related to the children around them

• playing with the same toys, but have different goals in play

cooperative play

• constructing together

• have the same goal

Examples of interpersonal function of pragmatics

• clarification

• topic initiation

• turn taking

• topic maintenance

Evocative utterances

naming statement + waiting → doggie

hypothesis testing

naming question seeking yes/no answer → doggie?

interrogative utterances

wassat? what? that?

selective imitation

partially or fully imitating adult utterance

bootstrapping

child use what they know to determine what they don’t know

How may universal language learning strategies are there

7

Strategies for talking to children: set up the environment

toys

Strategies for talking to children: focused stimulation

lots of the same, multiple options to hear something

Strategies for talking to children: modeling

demonstrating what you want the child to do