BIOL 313 Final Exam Thigh - 1

are hamstrings active when standing still?

yes

can two actions of the hamstrings be preformed maximally at the same time?

no

do variations exist in relationship to the piriformis and sciatic nerve?

yes

How do avulsion fractures occur?

apophyses = bony projections that lack secondary ossification centers

how do fibular fractures usually occur?

excessive eversion or inversion of foot

how do fracture in femoral shaft occur?

direct blows

how do the 3 muscles stablize the knee?

by pulling medially on knee to stabilize joint

how is body weight transferred?

1) from lumbar vertebrae to sacrum then os coxae to femur 2) femur to tibia to talus and then foot arches

how is the gluteal region divided?

into 2 buttocks by the intergluteal cleft

how is the patella attached to tibia?

patellar ligament

how many bones are in the lower limbs?

70

if you view the femur superior what is apparent about the head?

not projected medially but anteromedially with a torional angle of 15-20º

in females what is more oblique than in men? why?

femurs due to wider pelvis palpable feature of hip and thigh

what % have sciatic nerve going above piriformis? (C)

0.5%

what % have sciatic nerve going through piriformis? (B)

12.2%

what % have sciatic nerve under piriformis? (A)

87.3%

what % of lower limb injuries are hip?

what are boot top fractures common in?

skiers

what are called the tear drop muscles?

vastus medialis and vastus lateralis

what are hip fractures common in?

elderly

what are pelvic fractures?

fracture to hip bone

what are the 3 compartments of the leg?

anterior = dorsiflexor/inverters

what are the 3 compartments of the thigh?

anterior = thigh flexors/leg extensors, thigh abductors

what are the 3 muscles of knee innervated by?

3 different nerves = obturator femoral and tibial

what are the 3 muscles of the posterior thigh?

semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris

what are the bones of the lower limb?

os coxae, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, cuneiforms (3), metatarsals (5), phalanges (14), sesamoids (2)

what are the gluteal muscles organized into?

superfical and deep

what are the knee extensors?

rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius

what are the lower limbs used for?

bipedal posture and ambulation

what are the most common injuries of the lower limbs?

knee, leg, and foot injuries

what are the muscles of the deep gluteal region?

piriformis, superior gemellus, obturator internus, inferior gemellus, quadratus femoris

what are the muscles of the medial compartment?

gracilis, adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, obturator externus

what are the parts of the bony pelvis bound together by?

dense ligaments

what are the regions of lower limb?

perineum, gluteal, femoral, patellar, popliteal, crural, sural, fibular, tarsal, pedal, and plantar

what are the superfical muscles of the gluteal region?

gluteus maxiumus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and tensor fasciase latea

what are the thigh muscles organized into and separated by?

intermuscular septa

what attaches to the patella distally?

quadriceps femoris via common quadriceps tendon

what decreases with age in the neck of the femur?

angle of inclination

what do distal medial and lateral condyle rest on?

tibia

what do the 3 muscles that stabilize the knee converge into?

common tendon and insert on medial aspect of tibial tuberosity

what do the deep gluteal muscles do?

laterally rotate the thigh and stead femoral head in acetabulum

What do the gluteal muscles do?

stabilize the femoral head in the acetabulum and direct medial and lateral roation fo the femur when walking

what do the gluteal muscles form the bulk of?

gluteus maximus, medias, minimus and tensor fasciae latae region

what do the hamstrings span?

two joints to act on hip extension and knee flexion

what do the hip flexors muscles include?

pectineus

what do the semimebranosus, semiteninosus, and bicep femoris make up?

hamstrings

what do the superfical gluteal muscles do?

keep the pelvis level when walking

what does full flexion of the knee do?

shortens muscles too much for them to extend the hip

what does hyper-extension of the hip do?

shortens the muscles too much to flex the knee

what does the anterior compartments contain and innervated by?

contain = muscles that extend the knee and flex the hip

what does the medial compartments contain and innervated by?

contain = muscles that adduct thigh

what does the neck of the femur project?

the head medially at an angle of inclination

what does the patella do?

articulates with the femur

what does the patella function as?

resting platform when kneeling and lever arm multiplier when extending knee

what does the patellar ligament attach to?

tibial tuberosity

what does the posterior compartments contain and innervated by?

contain = muscles that flex the knee and extend the hip

what does the proximal end of the femur consist of?

head, neck, greater trochanter, and lesser trochanter

what does the sartorius muscle cross?

two joints and can flex the knee with medial rotation and flex thigh

what does the small articularies genu muscle prevent?

bursa from gettinng bunched up

what does the smaller angle of the neck of femur increase?

stress on the bone when bone is often becoming more brittle

what gender has a larger Q angle?

females at 15-20 degrees

what gives rise to the linea aspera?

gluteal tuberosity

what happens to someone hamstrings who is paralyzed?

fall forward because gluteus maximus cannot sustain the force of keeping them up

what is a fracture to proximal femur?

hip fracture

What is an avulsion fracture?

small part of bone is avulsed (torn away) from main bone

what is an important function of the patella?

increase the lever arm of the quads

what is an increased lever arm?

increases muscle power in leg

what is at the tip of the femur?

large rounded head = fovea capitis

what is easily pierced by intragluteal injections?

sciatic nerve

what is ligament v. tendon?

ligament = bone to bone

what is the floating bone?

patella

what is the fovea capitis an attachment site for?

ligamentum capitis

what is the gluteal region?

area inferior to the level of iliac crest

posterior to pelvis

what is the gluteus maximus muscle?

extends the thigh and used to stand from a sitting position

what is the hip region?

lateral area from greater trochanter to iliac crest
bound by lateral gluteal depression posteriorly

What is the knee stabilized by?

gracilis, sartorius, and semitendionuss all spanning 2 joints

what is the largest and heaviest bone in the body?

femur

what is the largest and strongest muscle in medial compartment?

adductor mangus

what is the largest sesamoid bone of the body?

patella

what is the most common site for compound (open) fractures?

tibia due to its close proximity to body surface

what is the most common site of femoral fractures?

neck of femor due to its angle of inclination

what is the most desirable way to administer drugs?

intramuscular injection

what is the posterior sacroiliac ligament?

broad ligament binding the sacrium to the ilium and continuous inferiorly with the sacrotuberous ligament

what is the quads stronger than?

opposing hamstrings by 3x

what is the rectus femoris?

two joint muscle that can flex the hip and extend the knee

what is the sacrotuberous further divided by?

sacripinous ligament into greater sciatic foramen and lesser sciatic foramen

what is the sacrotuberous ligament?

binds sacrum to the ischial tuberosity and divides the sciatic notch to foramen

what is the sciatic nerve?

largest nerve in the body
passes through the greater sciatic foramen and gluteal muscles to enter the posterior thigh

what is the smallest and weakest adductor in the medial compartment?

obturator externis

what is the superfical layer of the gluteal region?

abductors and medial rotators of the thigh keep pelvis level during swing phase of ipsilateral limb is weight bearing

what is the thigh region?

demarcated posterosuperiorly by the gluteal folds

what is the triceps coxae?

superior/inferior femelli and quadratus femoris

what muscle is used to produced cross-legged sitting?

sartorius muscle

what region abducts the thigh?

gluteal

what region contains the largest and most powerful muscles?

gluteal region

what returns the center of gravity beneath body trunk?

oblique angle of femur

when is injections in the buttock safe?

in the superolateral quadrant of the buttock = superior to a line extending from PSIS to greater trachanter

where does the inguinal ligament demaracate the lower limb from body trunk?

anteriorly

where does the patella float in?

track superfical to suprapatellar bursa