ANAPHY SKELETAL SYSTEM

Tuberosity

Large, rounded projection; may be roughened

Crest

Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent

Trochanter

Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (the only examples are on the femur)

Line

Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest

Tubercle

Small, rounded projection or process

Epicondyle

Raised area on or above a condyle

Spine

Sharp, slender, often pointed projection

Process

Any bony prominence

Head

Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

Facet

Smooth, nearly flat articular surface

Condyle

Rounded articular projection

Ramus

Armlike bar of bone

Groove

Furrow

Fissure

Narrow, slitlike opening

Foramen

Round or oval opening through a bone

Notch

Indentation at the edge of a structure

Meatus

Canal- or tunnel-like passageway

Sinus

Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

Fossa

Shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

(a) projections, or processes, (b) depressions, or cavities

There are two categories of bone markings:

projections, or processes

which grow out from the bone surface

depressions, or cavities

are indentations in the bone

appositional growth

This process by which bones increase in diameter is called—-and like growth in length, is controlled by hormone

growth hormones

The most important hormones are

sex hormones

most important hormones during puberty

rickets

is a disease of children in which the bones fail to calcify, As a result, the bones soften, and the weight-bearing bones of the legs become bowed.

fraction

is treated by reduction, which is the realignment of the broken bone ends, followed by immobilization

Comminuted

Bone breaks into three or more fragments. Particularly common in older people, whose bones are more brittle

Compression

Bone is crushed. Common in porous bones (i.e., osteoporotic bones of older people)

Depressed

Broken bone portion is pressed inward. Typical of skull fracture

Impacted

Broken bone ends are forced into each other. Commonly occurs when someone attempts to break a fall with outstretched arms

Spiral

Ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone. Common sports fracture

Greenstick

Bone breaks incompletely, much in the way a green twig breaks. Common in children, whose bones are more flexible than those of adults

cast or traction

After the broken bone is reduced, it is immobilized by a——to allow the healing process to begin

(1) A hematoma forms, (2) A fibrocartilage callus forms, (3) The bony callus forms, (4) Bone remodeling occurs

The repair of bone fractures involves four major events

hematoma forms

Blood vessels are ruptured when the bone breaks. As a result, a bloodfilled swelling, or bruise, called a

they die

what does bone cells deprived of nutrition do?

fibrocartilage callus

connective tissue cells of various types form internal and external masses of repair tissue, which collectively form the

calluses

The internal and external masses, originate from cells of the endosteum and periosteum, respectively, and contain several elements

cartilage matrix, bone matrix, and collagen fiber

which act to “splint” the broken bone, closing the gap.

bony callus made of spongy bone

As more osteoblasts and osteoclasts migrate into the area and multiply, the fibrocartilage callus is gradually replaced by the—

Bone remodeling occurs

Over the next few weeks to months, depending on the bone’s size and site of the break, the bony callus is remodeled in response to the mechanical stresses placed on it, so that it forms a strong, permanent “patch” at the fracture site.

axial and appendicular skeleton

the skeleton is divided into two parts,

the skull, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage.

The axial skeleton forms the longitudinal axis of the body. . It can be divided into three parts:

the skull

is formed by two sets of bones.

cranium

encloses and protects the fragile brain tissue.

facial bones

form a cradle for the eyes that is open to the anterior and allow the facial muscles to show our feelings through smiles or frowns.

sutures

All but one of the bones of the skull are joined together by— which are interlocking, immovable joints.

mandible

only the— is attached to the rest of the skull by a freely movable joint.

boxlike cranium

is composed of eight large flat bones.

frontal bone

forms the forehead, the bony projections under the eyebrows, and the superior part of each eye’s orbit

parietal bones

the paired parietal bones form most of the superior and lateral walls of the cranium

sagittal suture

is formed at the midline where the two parietal bones meet

coronal suture

is formed where the paired parietal bones meet the frontal bone

temporal bones

lie inferior to the parietal bones and join them at the squamous sutures.

external acoustic meatus

is a canal that leads to the eardrum and the middle ear. It is the route by which sound enters the ear.

styloid process

a sharp, needlelike projection, is just inferior to the external auditory meatus. Many neck muscles use the styloid process as an attachment point.

zygomatic process

is a thin bridge of bone that joins with the cheekbone anteriorly.

mastoid process

which is full of air cavities (the mastoid sinuses), is a rough projection posterior and inferior to the external acoustic meatus. It provides an attachment site for some muscles of the neck.

mastoiditis

The mastoid sinuses are so close to the middle ear—a high-risk spot for infections—that they may become infected too, a condition called—Also, this area is so close to the brain that — may spread to the brain.

jugular foramen

at the junction of the occipital and temporal bones allows passage of the jugular vein, the largest vein of the head, which drains blood from the brain.

carotid canal

Anterior to the jugular foramen on the skull’s inferior aspect is the—through which the internal carotid artery runs, supplying blood to most of the brain.

occipital bone

the most posterior bone of the cranium It forms the base and back wall of the skull

lambdoid suture

The occipital bone joins the parietal bones anteriorly at the

foramen magnum

In the base of the occipital bone is a large opening, the—-surrounds the lower part of the brain and allows the spinal cord to connect with the brain.

occipital condyles

Lateral to the foramen magnum on each side are the rockerlike— which rest on the first vertebra of the spinal column.

sphenoid bone

The butterfly-shaped bone spans the width of the skull and forms part of the floor of the cranial cavity

sella turcica or Turk’s saddle

In the midline of the sphenoid is a small depression, the—which forms a snug enclosure for the pituitary gland.

foramen ovale

a large oval opening in line with the posterior end of the sella turcica. allows fibers of cranial nerve V (the trigeminal nerve) to pass to the chewing muscles of the lower jaw (mandible).

optic canal and superior orbital fissure

Parts of the sphenoid bone, seen exteriorly forming part of the eye orbits have two important openings,

optic canal

which allows the optic nerve to pass to the eye,

superior orbital fissure

are slitlike and through which the cranial nerves controlling eye movements pass

sphenoidal sinuses

The central part of the sphenoid bone is riddled with air cavities, the

ethmoid bone

is very irregularly shaped and lies anterior to the sphenoid. It forms the roof of the nasal cavity and part of the medial walls of the orbits.

crista galli (literally “cock’s comb”)

Projecting from its superior surface is the

many small holes

The outermost covering of the brain attaches to this projection. On each side of the crista galli are

cribriform plates

allow nerve fibers carrying impulses from the olfactory (smell) receptors of the nose to reach the brain

superior nasal conchae and middle nasal conchae

2 Extensions of the ethmoid bone, the—- form part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity

fourteen bones

how many bones makes up the face?

mandible and vomer

Fourteen bones make up the face. Twelve are paired; only the—-and—- are single

maxillae

thus they are the main, or “keystone,” bones of the face

maxillary bones

fuse to form the upper jaw

alveolar process

The maxillae carry the upper teeth in the

palatine processes

Extensions of the maxillae called the— form the anterior part of the hard palate of the mouth

sinuses

Like many other facial bones, the maxillae contain—-which drain into the nasal passages

The paranasal sinuses

cause many people a great deal of misery. Because the mucosa lining these sinuses is continuous with that in the nose and throat, infections in these areas tend to migrate into the sinuses, causing sinusitis.

palatine bones

lie posterior to the palatine processes of the maxillae. They form the posterior part of the hard palate.

cleft palate

Failure of these or the palatine processes to fuse medially results in

zygomatic bones

are commonly referred to as the cheekbones. They also form a good-sized portion of the lateral walls of the orbits.

lacrimal bones

are fingernail-sized bones forming part of the medial wall of each orbit.

nasal bones

The small rectangular bones forming the bridge of the nose are the

vomer or vomer bone

The single bone in the median line of the nasal cavity is the—forms the inferior part of the bony nasal septum, which separates the two nostrils.

inferior nasal conchae

are thin, curved bones projecting medially from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.

blood vessels and nerves to pass.

The mental foramen in the mandibular body allows—-

hyoid bones

Though not really part of the skull, it is closely related to the mandible and temporal bones. is unique in that it is the only bone of the body that does not articulate (form a joint) with any other bone

hyoid bones

Horseshoe-shaped, with a body and two pairs of horns—-serves as a movable base for the tongue and as an attachment point for neck muscles that raise and lower the larynx when we swallow and speak.

mandible

is the largest and strongest bone of the face. It joins the temporal bones on each side of the face, forming the only freely movable joints in the skull

vertebral column or spine

Serving as the axial support of the body——extends from the skull, which it supports, to the pelvis, where it transmits the weight of the body to the lower limbs.

26 irregular bones connected and reinforced by ligaments

the spine is formed from how many irregular bones?

vertebrae

Before birth, the spine consists of 33 separate bones called