Doyley's complete quizlet review

ion

Term for atom with a charge

electronegativity

indicates the relative ability of an element's atoms to attract electrons in a chemical bond

lewis

Electron dot diagram of an atom

Bohr-Rutherford

Detailed diagram of an atom that shows all of the orbitals

Molecule

Two or more atoms bonded together

intramolecular

Forces between atoms in a molecule

intermolecular

Forces of attraction between molecules

valence

Term for the number of electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom

polar

When a molecule has opposite charges on each end we say it is \_____ and therefore has very unique properties

amine group

What is this functional group

hydrocarbon

CLassify this saturated molecule

carboxyl

What functional group can you find on this molecule?

carbonyl

This functional group can b poisonous and will not come up a lot in biology

cohesion

Term to describe what happens when polar molecules like water stick to each other

adhesion

Term to describe attraction between molecules of different substances like occurs in xylem in plants

solvent

Substance in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution

solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

miscible

Term that describes two liquids that are soluble in each other

immiscible

Term that describes two or more liquids that do not mix with each other

redox

A reaction that occurs in biology and involves energy transfer or the movement of electrons

neutralization

A reaction that occurs in biology in which an acid reacts with a base and forms water and a salt

dehydration

Anabolic biological reaction that links molecules and produces water

hydrolysis

A catabolic biological reaction that leads to the breaking up of a macromolecule when water is added

protein

Macromolecule that is made of amino acids

carbohydrate

Organic compound used by cells to store and release energy; composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Lipid

A macromolecule that stores excess energy

buffer

Compound that prevents sharp, sudden changes in pH (eg water)

polymer

Term for large compound formed from combinations of many monomers (e.g. proteins)

disaccharide

Classification of carbohydrate-made when two simple sugars bond and produce H2O

Polysaccharide

Carbohydrate molecule made of many monosaccharides (e.g. starch)

Triglyceride

A lipid made of three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule

phospholipid

A lipid made of a phosphate group and two fatty acids-found in membranes

denature

Proteins can \_____________ or become solid when heated

metabolism

Term for the sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions in a cell

enzyme

Protein catalyst that speeds up the rate of specific biological reactions

substrate

The reactant on which an enzyme works.

ionic

Type of bond formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

covalent

A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule

hydrogen

Type of weak bond formed between water molecules because of its polar nature

Biology

The study of living things

Enzyme

a substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.

catalyst

Chemistry term for a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

allosteric site

describes a region of an enzyme that can bind a regulatory molecule and is not the active site

competitive inhibition

A process by which a chemical substance has a shape that fits the active site of an enzyme and competes with the substrate, effectively inhibiting the enzyme.

ATP

The whole reason that cellular respiration occurs is to make \___

enzymes

These are necessary to drive the reactions forward

glucose

Carbohydrate needed for glycolysis to occur

cytoplasm

Where glycolysis occurs

substrate level phosphorylation

Mechanism for making ATP directly in an enzyme catalyzed reaction

oxidative phosphorylation

Mechanism for making ATP with the help of enzyme but oxygen is the final electron accepter

Mitochondria

Organelles scattered throughout cells that specialize in the formation of ATP

Cristae

Proper name for the folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane where the ETC occurs

Matrix

Protein rich fluid area that fills the innermost space of a mitochondrion where Kreb's cycle occurs

isomerization

Process where a molecule is rearranged but no atoms are lost or gained. e.g. glucose turning into fructose

Kreb's cycle

A cyclic series of reactions that transfers energy from organic molecules to ATP, NADH and FADH and removes carbon atoms as carbon dioxide

decarboxylation

Term for the removal of carbon/CO2 that occurs in the Kreb's cycle

ETC

A series of protein substances that are found on the inner membrane of a mitochondrion and carry out reactions to produce ATP

chemiosmosis

A process for making ATP using the energy created across a membrane because of an electrochemical gradient and ATP synthase

pyruvate

A 3 carbon substance produced in glycolysis

energy intermediates

NADH and FADH were referred to as these in class because they are temporary and move from Kreb's cycle in the matrix to the ETC where they provide electrons

catabolism

Term that means break down which is what happens to carbohydrates, proteins or fats to make energy

fermentation

A way a cell can make energy when oxygen is not present

ethanol

By-product of plant cell fermentation

lactate

By-product of animal cell fermentation

deamination

Term for removal of an amino group from a protein which is needed in the first steps of protein digestion

redox

Type of reaction where an electron is moved from one molecule to another

reduction

Scientific term for the gaining of electrons

oxidation

Scientific term for the loss of electrons

eukaryotes

The more complex type of cells that have mitochondria

ATPase

Enzyme that makes a lot of ATP when the electrochemical gradient is big enough

glycogen

What glycogen is stored as in our liver before it goes to the cells

cellular respiration

What this equation represents

The average number of NADH made in 1 turn of the Kreb's cycle

3

The average number of FADH made in 1 turn of the Kreb's cycle

1

Number of ATP made per pyruvate molecule in Kreb's cycle

1

Chlorophyll

A molecule that contains a porphyrin ring and long hydrocarbon tail

magnesium

Mineral found in the centre of the porphyrin ring

cyanobacteria

Term for blue-green algae that make up the largest group of photosynthesizing prokaryotes

Leaves

The primary photosynthetic organ in plants

Petiole

the slender stem that supports the blade of a leaf

stomata

Microscopic pores in the leaf which lets CO2 in and O2 out. Also where water is lost.

6CO2 + 6H2O + light --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

photosynthesis

mesophyll

Leaf cells specialized for photosynthesis.

cuticle

A waxy layer that covers the outer epidermal wall, which prevents water loss

guard cells

regulate the opening and closing of the stomata

palisade

Where the most glucose is made

transpiration

Term for water loss that occurs in leaves

Thylakoid

Name for the membrane where the ETC is found in the process of photosynthesis

grana

A stack of thylakoids (discs)in a chloroplast

stroma

Fluid part of a chloroplast

Calvin cycle

Cyclic set of reactions that occurs in the stroma to make glucose

carbon fixation

The conversion of inorganic carbon (for example, CO2) into organic forms (for example, sugars).

Light dependent

Proper name for the reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH.

Light independent

Proper name for the reactions of photosynthesis that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose

photons

packets of light energy

Priestley

Scientist who determined plants and animals depend on each other

spectrum

the band of color produced when white light passes through a prism

xanothophylls

Pigments in chlorophyll membranes that show the yellow colours we can see in the fall

cyclic reaction

The 'back up' way that a thylakoids can make some ATP in the absence of water

non-cyclic reaction

We say that 'normal' light reaction is a linear process of electrons passing through the thylakoid membrane