Physiology - Chapter 1

Contraction is the specific function of:

muscle tissue

Skeletal muscle is considered

voluntary, striated

Skeletal muscle fibers are also known as

myofibers

Nervous tissue includes neurons and the supporting cells known as

neuroglia

What are the three major types of muscle tissue?

Smooth, cardiac, and skeletal

Glands are derived from \_________ tissue.

epithelial

Exocrine glands secrete products into \______.

ducts

Endocrine glands secrete \________ directly into the blood.

hormones

Flat epithelial cells are characterized as \_____________, cells that are TALLER than they are wide are characterized as \_____________, and cells that are AS TALL as they are wide are \________________.

squamous, columnar, cuboidal

Capillary walls are \________ \__________ \______________.

simple squamous epithelium

The type of tissue that covers surfaces, forms membranes and glands is:

epithelial tissue

Secreting mucus is the function of \________ cells.

goblet

Connective tissue includes:

bone, blood, and cartilage

Goblet cells can be found in:

columnar epithelium

Blood is considered \___________ tissue.

connective

Where are ciliated epithelial cells are found?

Respiratory passageways and uterine tubes

The cells in cartilage are called \______________.

chondrocytes

In addition to connective tissue proper, the other primary types of connective tissues are: \___________, \________, and \______________.

Blood, bone, and cartilage

The matrix of connective tissue is \__________.

extracellular

Intracellular fluid is approximately

65% of total body water

What is the body's normal response when carbohydrates are ingested?

Blood glucose levels increase and insulin release is stimulated

How does the graph show that the normal negative feedback control is NOT occurring in untreated Type I diabetes mellitus?

Glucose levels do not decrease to normal levels because insulin is not released.

What makes a hypothesis scientific?

It is testable

Match the example items with the correct primary tissue type:
Neuroglia: \______________
Tendons: \________________
Cardiac: \________________
Simple squamous: \__________________

Nervous
Connective
Muscular
Epithelial

Low levels of estrogen stimulate the release of GnRH from \___________.

hypothalamus

After ovulation, progesterone is produced by \_____________.

the corpus luteum

1. The DNA in the nucleus of cells makes up structures known as chromosomes. Chromosomes are divided into segments referred to as genes. Genes are very important because they encode an organism's genetic information. What does an organism's genetic information specify?

What protein an organism makes

2. All \_________ are composed of multiple tissues. For example, skin comprises specific types of muscle, nervous, epithelial, and connective tissues.

organs

3. Alport's syndrome, a disease affecting collagen formation associated with basement membranes, will most likely affect which of the following functions?

The regulation of soluble substances into and out of the body

Fluid contacting multiple blood cell membranes, connective tissue matrix, and cerebrospinal fluid is extracellular or intracellular compartment?

Extracellular compartment

Fluid contacting mitochondrial membranes, fluid surrounding the cytoskeleton, cytosol, and ATP produced by the cell is extracellular or intracellular compartment?

Intracellular compartment

What role does this tissue play in glucose regulation?

It is a major tissue involved with glucose storage in the presence of insulin.

Which of the following statements regarding collagen fibers is false?

They are intracellular proteins.

Calcium phosphate impregnating a matrix, which surrounds cells nourished by blood in canaliculi, describes which of the following?

Bone

The cells of which of the following tissues contain many nuclei?

Skeletal muscle

Regarding the set point of a negative feedback loop, which of the following statements is false?

It is determined by the activity of effectors.

An increase in the heart rate when a person goes from a lying to a standing position results from \_______.

negative feedback: a drop in blood pressure causes an increase in heart rate.

Which of the following statements is false regarding sweating as a homeostatic mechanism?

It is dependent on positive feedback.

An increase in plasma glucose concentration \__________.

stimulates the pancreatic islets to release insulin.

A decrease in insulin secretion and an increase in glucagon secretion \________.

occurs during fasting.

What type of tissue is characterized by an abundance of extracellular material?

Connective

What type of tissue covers and lines the body surface?

Epithelial

A change from a set point is \__________ in a negative feedback loop.

reversed

Which of the following hormones is released by the anterior pituitary as a part of a positive feedback loop between it and the ovary prior to ovulation?

Luteinizing hormone

Which of the following hormones, released by the corpus luteum after ovulation, creates a negative feedback effect on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary?

Progesterone

Which of the following ovarian hormones is involved in both positive and negative feedback loops with the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary?

Estrogen

The first step in the scientific method involves the formation of a(n) \________.

hypothesis

Phase \________ clinical trials maximize the number of test participants and include human participants of both sexes, different ethnic groups, and those who have health problems besides the one that the drug is designed to treat.

III

When blood glucose levels rise, the pancreatic islets are stimulated to release insulin, which acts on target cells to uptake glucose from the blood. Thus, the islets serve as the \________ in the feedback loop.
Sensors
Integrating center
All of the choices are correct
Effectors

All of the choices are correct

Both \________ and \________ are the regulators of effectors in most feedback loops.

hormones; nerve impulses

Homeostatic regulatory mechanisms known as \________ are "built-in" to the organs being regulated.

intrinsic

The normal range of blood glucose concentration after fasting is approximately \________.

70 to 99mg/100 ml

When a vessel is damaged, chemicals are released from the vessel walls that attract platelets to the site of the damage. As they accumulate, more chemicals that attract more platelets to the area until the bleeding stops. This represents \________ feedback, with the platelets acting as the \________.

positive; integrating center

Which types of connections allow epithelial cells to form strong membranes?

Junctional complexes

Units of bone composed of concentric rings of lamellae with trapped osteocytes are called \________.

Osteon and haversian systems

Epithelial tissues that are more than one layer thick are called \________.

stratified

Which glands are primarily responsible for thermoregulation?

Eccrine sweat glands

Which of the following is a characteristic of smooth muscle?

Found in the walls of the digestive tract

The cells that secrete fibers and matrix that create bone tissue are known as \________.

osteoblasts

Contraction of \________ muscle can be consciously controlled.

skeletal

Cartilage cells are known as \________.

chondrocytes

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the extracellular fluid compartment?

It makes up 65% of the total body water

Adult stem cells may be found in \________.

hair follicles, the brain, red bone marrow, and skeletal muscle

How does the skin protect a person from the ultraviolet rays of the sun?

Produces melanin

The zygote (fertilized egg) has the ability to produce all the various types of cells found in the body. Therefore, it is a(n) \________ cell.

totipotent

The hypodermis is primarily composed of \________.

adipose tissue

\__________ is the study of biological function; how the body works

Physiology

\____________ concerns how disease or injury affects physiological processes

Pathophsiology

\____________ \____________ studies the differences and similarities in the functions of invertebrates and vertebrates and has aided in the development of pharmaceutical drugs

Comparative physiology

For developing pharmaceuticals, research begins by studying the effects of a chemical on cells in vitro (in a \______ \_________). Next, studies are done in animals to see if the same effects occur in vivo (in a \_______ \_______) and if there are any toxic side effects.

culture dish
living creature

Explain each of the phases of clinical trials

Phase I: tests the drug on healthy human volunteers to test for side effects, rates of passage (half-life, toxicity), dosage, etc.
Phase II: to test its effectiveness on people with the particular disease.
Phase III: conducted on a large number of people to include both sexes, many age groups and ethnicities, and people with more than one health condition. From here, the FDA can approve the drug for sale.
Phase IV: tests other applications for the drug

Homeostasis is accomplished most often by \________ \____________ \_______.

negative feedback loops

What are the three components of negative feedback loops?

- Receptors: act as sensors in the body to detect change and send information to the
- Integrating Center: which assesses change around a set point, then sends instructions to an:
- Effector (muscles or glands), which can make the appropriate adjustments to encounter the change from the set-point)

Negative feedback loops moves in the \______ direction from the change and is a \___________ process.

opposite, continous

\_________________ effectors help maintain homeostasis by often maintaining by opposing effectors that move conditions in opposite directions

Antagonistic

Does positive feedback work alone?

No, it doesn't, it has to work with negative feedback loops

Regulation of processes within organs can occur in two ways?

Intrinsically: cells within the organ sense a change and signal to neighboring cells to respond appropriately
Extrinsically: the brain (or other organs) regulates an organ using the endocrine or nervous system

The endocrine system releases hormones \______ the blood, which transports them to the target organ

into

What are the four major categories of tissues?

muscle, nervous, epithelial, and connective tissues

Muscle tissue:
What are the three types of muscles that are specialized in contraction?

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles

Muscle tissue:
Skeletal Muscle is known for its \________ muscle. Also, it has visible \______ from sarcomeres.

- voluntary (muscle you can consciously control)
- striations

Muscle tissue:
What is a syncytium?
Muscle tissue can produce a \_______ response

- Union of separate cells called myoblasts to form myofibers (multiple nuclei in one cell)
- graded (determining strength)

Muscle tissue:
Which tissue is found only in the heart?
Fibers are \______, branched, and interconnected both physically and electrically
Striated, but very \______ in structure and action from skeletal muscle

Cardiac
short
different

Muscle tissue:
Is cardiac tissue voluntary?
What are the specialized cell connections that allow passage of sodium ions between cells
Can cardiac tissue produce a graded contraction\>

- No
- Intercalated discs
- No

Muscle tissue:
Where is smooth tissue found?
Is it striated?
What is the coordinated, wave-like contraction of smooth muscle layers to more substances through the organs

- Found in the walls of digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs, blood vessels, and bronchioles of the lungs (hollow organs)
- Not striated, and is involuntary
- Peristalsis

Nerve Tissue
- Where is nerve tissue found?
- Composed of \________ and \___________

- Found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
- neurons, neuroglia

Nerve Tissue
- Neurons conduct impulses and have three parts which are?
- Neuroglia are supporting cells that do not conduct a \______ \_________ but are essential for neuron function

- Dendrites (short, highly branched extensions that receive signals), axon (long, single extension that sends signal, and cell body (metabolic center containing the nucleus)
- nerve impulse

Epithelial tissue
- Where is it found?
- Are classified by the number of layers? What are the two types?

- forms the membranes that cover body surfaces and line the inside of hollow organs and glands
- Simple epithelium (one layer and is specialized for transport of substances)
- Stratified epithelium (composed of multiple layers and provides protection)

What are the three types of shapes of epithelial tissues?

Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar

Simple squamous epithelium allows for rapid \__________ as in the alveoli of the lungs.
Simple cuboidal epithelium allows for \________ of substances as in various glands.
Simple columnar epithelium allows for absorption as found in the wall of the \_______ \_____________.

diffusion, secretion, small intestine

For stratified epithelial tissue, what are held together by structures called?
Explain keratinized versus nonkeratinized membranes?

- Intercellular junctions (collectively known as junctional complexes).
To provide protection and make sure tissue is tight.
- Nonkeratinized membranes have living cells in all layers and keratinized membranes have cells filled with keratin, a water-resistant protein, and layers of dead cells on the surface

Epithelial tissue:
Exocrine glands are derived from \_______ tissues and secretions are transported by \_______.

epithelial, ducts

Epithelial tissue:
Secretory portions may be tubes or \_____ groups.
What are the two types of sweat glands?

- Acini (clusters, rounded at the bottom)
- Eccrine or merocrine (thermoregulation) and apocrine (located in axilla and pubic region)

Epithelial tissue:
Do endocrine glands have ducts?
Examples of endocrine glands?

- No so they secrete into capillaries within the body
- Thyroid glands, adrenal glands, etc.

Connective tissue is characterized by a \_____ made up of protein fibers, extracellular material, and specialized cells.
What are the four major categories of connective tissue?

- matrix
- connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood

Connective tissue proper is composed of protein fibers and a \___ - \______- ground substance.
What are the four subtypes?

- gel-bound
- 1. Loose: collagen fibers scattered loosely with room for blood vessels and nerves (dermis of the skin)
2. Dense regular: densely packed collagen fibers with little room for ground substance (tendons and ligaments)
3. Adipose tissue stores fat
4. Dense irregular connective tissue: composed of densely packed collagen fibers in various arrangements to resist forces

Cartilage connective tissue is composed of cells called \____________ surrounded by a semi-solid ground substance. Serves as a template skeleton during \_____ \___________________. Found in \______ to provide a gliding surface for bones.

chondrocytes
bone development
joints

Bone: cells called \____________ trap mineral salt, forming concentric layers of calcified materials around a canal filled with blood vessels and nerves.
Once the matrix has hardened, the cells are called osteocytes and live in spaced called \____________.

osteoblasts
lacunae

Stem Cells
What are the three embryonic germ layers?
Zygotes are \____________, which means their cells can become any type of cell. These are true stem cells.
Embryonic stem cells are \____________ - can form any type of unrelated cells

- Endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm
- totipotent
- pluripotent

Intracellular: area inside the cells; contain \_____% of total body water

65