Comprehensive Language and Speech Pathology Review

Vocabulary flashcards based on lecture notes covering aphasias, speech disorders, cranial nerves, and syndromes.

Broca's Aphasia

N- poor; F- poor; C- good; R- poor

Transcortical Motor Aphasia

N- poor; F- poor; C- good; R- good

Mixed Transcortical Aphasia

N- poor; F- poor; C- poor; R- good

Global Aphasia

N- poor; F- poor; C- poor; R- poor

Wernicke's Aphasia

N- poor; F- good; C- poor; R- poor

Transcortical Sensory Aphasia

N- poor; F- good; C- poor; R- good

Conduction Aphasia

N- depends on patient; F- good; C- good; R- poor

Anomic Aphasia

N- VERY poor; F- good; C- good; R- good

Ischemic Stroke: Thrombotic

Gradual block of artery

Ischemic Stroke: Embolic

Sudden block of artery

Hemorrhagic stroke

Rupture of cerebral blood vessel

Dysfluent Speech Threshold

Speech that contains $5\%$ or more is considered dysfluent

Stuttering Modification

Van Riper; goal = fluent stuttering; stages = Desensitization --> identification --> modification --> stabilization

Fluency Shaping

Goal = establish normal fluency

Spontaneous Recovery of CWS

$80\%$ will spontaneously recover

Preschool Stuttering Patterns

Stutter on function words and initial sounds in sentences

Ataxic CP

Disturbed balance, awkward gait, and uncoordinated movements due to cerebellar damage

Athenoid CP

Slow, writhing, involuntary movements due to damage to the indirect motor pathways, especially the basal ganglia

Spastic CP

Increased spasticity as well as stiff, abrupt, jerky, slow movements due to damage to the motor cortex or direct motor pathway; most common type

Apraxia of Speech (AOS)

Disorder of volitional movement necessary for speech with NO weakness, paralysis, or fatigue

Granuloma

Localized, inflammatory, vascular lesion that is usually composed of granular tissue in a firm, rounded sac

Hemangioma

Soft, pliable, and filled with blood (similar to a granuloma)

Leukoplakia

Benign growths of thick, whitish patches on the surface membrane of the mucosa

Hyperkeratosis

Rough, pinkish lesion that can appear in the oral cavity, larynx, or pharynx

Laryngomalacia

Has soft, floppy laryngeal cartilages, especially the epiglottis; very soft and pliable due to abnormal development

Subglottal Stenosis

Narrowing of the subglottic space, acquired or congenital

Papilloma

Wart like growths caused by the human papilloma virus

Laryngeal web

Membrane that grows across the anterior portion of the glottis

Jitter

Frequency perturbation; change of frequency from cycle to cycle

Shimmer

Amplitude perturbation; change of amplitude from cycle to cycle

Newborn Hearing Screening

OAE

Microtia

Congenital malformation of the pinna

Atresia

Congenital closure of the ear canal

Behavioral Theory of Language

Skinner; explains the acquisition of verbal behavior as a form of social behavior maintained by the actions of a verbal community acquired under appropriate conditions of stimulation, response, and reinforcement

Nativist Theory of Language

Chomsky; states that syntactic structures are the essence of language and that language is a product of the unique human mind

Cognitive Theory of Language

Piaget; emphasizes cognition, or knowledge and mental processes such as memory, attention, and visual and auditory perception

Information Processing Theory of Language

Vygotsky/Chomsky; encodes stimuli from environment, operates on interpretations of stimuli, stores results in memory, permits retrieval of previously stored information

Ollers Stages

Phonation; coo/goo; expansion; canonical/reduplicated babbling; variegated/nonreduplicated babbling

Cross Sectional Research

Select subjects from various age groups

Longitudinal Research

Follow same subjects over time

Semi-Longitudinal Research

Break into age groups, and follow same subjects throughout an age range

Predictive Validity

Accuracy with which the test predicts future performance on a related task

Concurrent Validity

Degree to which a new test correlated with an established test of known validity

Construct Validity

Degree to which test scores are consistent with theoretical constructs or concepts

Content Validity

Validity based on a systematic examination of all test items to determine whether they adequately sample the full range of the skill and measure what the test plans to measure

Apert Syndrome

Small skull with flat frontal and occipital bones; high forehead; increased intracranial pressure; Class III malocclusion; cleft; hyponasal

Cri du Chat Syndrome

High pitched cry of long duration (like a cat); low set of ears; narrow oral cavity; microcephaly; micrognathia; oral clefts; artic and language disorders associated with intellectual disability

Cruzon Syndrome

Craniosynostosis; small maxillary structure; protrusion of the eyeballs

Down Syndrome

Trisomy $21$; hypotonia; flat facial profile; small ears, nose, chin; relatively large and fissured tongue that protrudes; speech and language delays

Treacher Collins Syndrome

Underdeveloped facial bones; mandibular hypoplasia; stenosis or atresia of external auditory canal; malformations of the pinna; cleft

Turner Syndrome

Only in females (missing/deformed X chromosome); webbing of neck; micrognathia; thick earlobes; low set, elongated, and cupshaped ears; right hemisphere dysfunction; visual, spatial, and attentional problems

Velocardiofacial Syndrome

Cleft; unique facial characteristics; VP insufficiency; wide nose; micrognathia; microcephaly; language problems; elongated face; hypotonia; heart trouble

Prader Willi Syndrome

Autosomal dominant, deletion of chromosome $15$; low muscle tone; early feeding difficulties; obesity after the first year; imprecise artic.; oral motor deficits; hypernasality; flat intonation; slow speaking rate; harsh/hoarse vocal quality; abnormal vocal pitch; developmental delays and I.D.; narrow overjet, micrognathia, narrow palatal arch; behavioral disturbances (stubbornness, temper, emotional liability)

Williams Syndrome

Rare genetic disorder ($1$ out of every $20,000$); abnormality on chromosome $7$; small-boned; short; long upper lip; wide mouth; full lip; small chin; upturned nose; puffiness around eyes; lower IQ; charming personalities (elfin face)

Fragile X Syndrome

Leading inherited cause of I.D. in males; expanded number of CGG nucleic acid on the X chromosome; long, large, poorly formed pinna; big jaw; high forehead; intellectual disability; jargon, perseveration, echolalia; inappropriate language; lack of gestures; voice/artic. problems; hyperactive; social withdrawal; eye contact avoidance; delays in pragmatic, semantic, and syntactic aspects

Myasthenia Gravis

Neuromuscular autoimmune disorder producing fatigue and muscle weakness from decreased acetylcholine at the myoneural junction; symptoms: hypernasal, breathy, hoarse, soft volume; treated with corticosteroids

Picks (Frontotemporal Dementia)

Presence of pick cells and pick bodies; behavioral changes (uninhibited/inappropriate social behaviors, compulsive eating); emotional disturbances (depression, mood fluctuations, euphoria); impaired judgment and reasoning

Levator Veli Palatini

Primary elevator of velum

Tensor Veli Palatini

Opens eustachian tube; tenses velum

Palatoglossus

Elevates and depresses velum

Palatopharyngeus

Narrows pharynx; depresses velum

CN V

Trigeminal; face sensory; jaw movement

CN VII

Facial; face motor; anterior $\frac{2}{3}$ tongue sensory

CN IX

Glossopharyngeal; tongue and pharynx sensation; motor of pharynx

CN X

Vagus; larynx, respiratory, cardiac, GI systems: motor and sensory

CN XII

Hypoglossal; tongue movement