AP PSYCH

Who rejected the belief of inborn ideas, helped spread the idea that the mind was a blank slate and therefore "all men are created equal" which later was the rationale for American democracy?

John Locke

What phrase describes how the nature/nurture tension dissolves in modern psychology?

Nurture works on what nature endows

Occasionally, researchers temporarily stress or deceive people, but only when they believe it is essential to a justifiable end such as what?

Understanding and controlling violent behavior, studying mood swings

What imperfect human ability can lead us astray and has been incorrect over and over regarding aging, sleep, and dreams?

Intuition

What pragmatic Harvard professor admitted Mary Calkins in 1890 into his class which caused all the other students to drop?

William James

During what time period was psychology described as "the science of the observable"? (Behaviorism)

1920s to 1960s

What term describes a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample?

Sampling bias

What term describes the differences between the experimental and control condition affecting the dependent variable?

Confounding variables

What term describes the principle that the inherited traits that contribute to survival and reproduction will likely be passed on to future generations?

Natural selection

Some psychologists consider Stanley Milgrams' obedience studies to be unethical because of which ethical consideration

Risk of long term harm

What was the name of Charles Darwin's 1859 book?

Origin of species

What do researchers aim to test by intentionally creating controlled, artificial environments in the lab?

Theoretical principles

He formed his own school of thought, which he called individual psychology. In his view, strivings for superiority drive people's behavior. He thought mental disorders were characterized by extreme feelings of inferiority and a desire for superiority over others.

Adler, Alfred

Whereas random sampling helps us generalize to a larger population, what term minimizes preexisting differences between individuals by putting them in the experimental or control groups by chance?

Random assignment

In what area can psychology deepen our appreciation?

All answers are correct

What term describes John Locke and Frances Bacon's view that knowledge originates from experience?

Empiricism

What term describes graphing findings into a bar graph?

Histograms

What term best describes the phrase "to believe with certainty we must begin by doubting?"

Skepticism

Animal protection organizations advocate what type of observation of animals rather than laboratory manipulation?

Naturalistic

He developed the theory of emotion, which holds that physical and emotional stimuli happen simultaneously, with no causal relationship.

Cannon, Walter

What term represents the arithmetic average?

Mean

Respectively, what term describes the whole group one would want to study and what term describes a situation in which every person in the entire group has an equal chance of participating?

Population, random sample

What term does not indicate the importance of an obtained result but does describe how likely the obtained result occurred by chance?

Statistical significance

What term describes a cognitive process that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions?

Critical thinking

What term describes the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next?

Culture

What perspective evaluates how the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one's genes?

Evolutionary

What term describes the perception of a relationship where none exists and arises from our eagerness to make sense of random data?

Illusory correlation

What is less a set of findings than a way of asking and answering questions?

Psychology

What term is also known as the "I knew it all along phenomenon"?

Hindsight bias

What term describes a philosopher who theorized about the relationship between thought and behavior?-Democritus

What term describes a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data?

Normal curve

What term describes the explanation of how a researcher will measure a variable?

Operationalize

A developer an intelligence scale. He intended the test to predict school performance and did not believe that it measured innate intelligence.

Binet, Alfred

Who tried to measure the "atoms of the mind" which is considered the 1st psychological experiment?

Wilhelm Wundt

He focused on observational learning, or modeling. He showed that children learn behavior by watching others. He did a famous study involving Bobo dolls that demonstrated that children don't need punishment or reward to learn.

Bandura, Albert

What term describes a passion to explore and understand without misleading or being misled?

Curiosity

What term describes awareness of our own vulnerability to error and openness to surprises and new perspectives?

Humility

Researchers each year conduct experiments on approximately 200,000 dogs and cats, however humane animal shelters are forced to kill approximately how many times that many?

50

What term describes observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations?

Naturalistic observation

Respectively, what term describes a set of principles that organizes and predicts observations and what term describes a testable prediction?

Theory, hypothesis

What term describes having half of the subjects do something while the others do something else, then switch?

Counterbalancing

What is one of the oldest research methods and hopes to reveal universal principles, but can mislead us with atypical people?

Case study

What is the median of the following distribution: 6, 2, 9, 4, 7, 3?

5

What perspective evaluates how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures?

Social cultural

What academic discipline describes the meeting ground for different disciplines and is a perfect home for people with wide-ranging interests?

Psychology

He developed a three-stage model of memory storage.

Atkinson, Richard

Jordyn scores a perfect 100 on a test that everyone else fails. If we were to graph this distribution, it would be...

Positively skewed

What helps restrain the illusions of our flawed intuition, attempts to uncover naturally occurring relationships, and indicates the possibility of a cause-effect relationship, but does not prove causation?

Correlation

What term describes stone age humans carving holes through the skull to release evil spirits?

Trephination

He investigated social conformity by studying how people reacted when their perceptions of events were challenged by others. He found that most individuals changed their own opinions in order to agree with the group, even when the majority was clearly wrong.

Asch, Solomon

What term describes extreme scores that cause distributions to be unsymmetrical or skewed?

Outliers

Respectively, what term describes a score that most frequently occurs and what term represents the middle score also known as the 50th percentile?

Mode, median

What term describes a school of psychology that focuses on how processes enable organisms to adapt, survive and flourish?

Functionalism

What term describes an unsymmetrical distribution possibly caused by outliers?

Skewed distribution

What modern French scientist believed that the mind was entirely distinct from the body (Dualism)?

Rene Descartes

What term describes when subjects perform better on a second test because they already took a similar one?

Order effect

Informed by science, what term involves cognition and helps clear the colored lenses of our biases?

Critical thinking

The knowledge of physiological and psychological processes of what gives researchers a better understanding of the similar biological processes of humans?

Mice and dogs

What term describes the scientific procedures that include making observations, forming theories, and reforming theories in light of new observations?

Scientific method

What term describes a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value?

Skewed distribution

What term describes a statement of exact procedures used in a research study?

Operational definitions

What term describes the duplication of a research study usually with different participants?

Replicate

Generalizations based on a few unrepresentative cases can have what result?

Unreliability

What term prepares us to think smarter and involves curiosity, skepticism, and humility and helps make modern science possible?

Scientific attitude

What type of integrated approach incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis?

Biopsychosocial approach

What term describes science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base?

Basic research

Respectively, what term describes a procedure where the participant as well as the research assistant collecting data does not know who is receiving treatment and what term describes the effect a participant might have on a study if they have symptom relief because they think they are receiving treatment?

Double blind, placebo effect

Which types of circumstances deceive people into thinking that they are related when they are actually not?

Random coincidences

Psychology does have the potential power to deceive, but its purpose is to what?

Enlighten

Which Greek philosopher foreshadowed later thinkers who believed nurture shapes us more than nature?

Aristotle

What branch of psychology is devoted to studying the measurement of our abilities, attitudes, and traits?

Psychometrics

What two Greek philosophers believed that the mind was separable from the body and continuing after death (Dualism)?

Socrates, Plato

What term describes the gap between the lowest and the highest scores?

Range

What term describes what researchers use to organize data meaningfully?

Descriptive statistics

What is the clearest and cleanest way to isolate cause and effect?

Experiment

What term describes the attitude of feeling free to ask any question, doubt any assertion, seek any evidence, and correct any errors?

Scientific attitude

Despite the fact that men and women are overwhelmingly similar, knowledge of what types of differences can help to prevent conflicts and misunderstandings?

Gender

What is the computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score?

Standard deviation

What affects what we study, how we study it, and how we interpret the results?

Value judgements

Stephanie scored 145 on an IQ test with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. What is her z score?

3

What term describes an unsymmetrical distribution caused by the mean being lower than the median?

Negatively skewed distribution

What term describes an unreliable school of psychology that required people to use introspection to explore the structure of the human mind?

Structuralism

What term describes the group that contrasts with the experimental group and is psychology's most powerful tool for sorting reality from wishful thinking and for evaluating cause and effect?

Control group

What term describes the belief that most psychologists draw from multiple perspectives?

Eclecticism

What is today's definition of psychology?

The science of behavior and mental processes

What term describes a person who provides psychotherapy and can prescribe drugs to treat psychological disorders?

Psychiatrists

A developer of cognitive therapy, which is now used for disorders ranging from depression to panic attacks, addictions, and eating disorders. His cognitive approach to therapy emphasizes using rational thoughts to overcome fears rather than trying to uncover the unconscious meaning of those fears.

Beck, Aaron

Sigmund Freud's theory of the unconscious mind...

Depends on the idea that humans can remember events but not be consciously aware of the memory

What term describes a measure of the distance of a score from the mean in units of standard deviation?

Z scores

What perspective evaluates how we encode, process, store and retrieve information?

Cognitive

The young science of psychology developed from what two fields?

Biology, Philosophy

Our flawed intuition and after-the-fact common sense makes things seem so obvious that we become very what?

Overconfident

Who was the 1st woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology?

Margaret Floy Washburn

Respectively, what term describes the experimental factor that is being manipulated and what term describes the experimental factor whose outcome is being measured?

Independent variable, dependent variable

What is the most persistent issue of modern psychology?

Nature verses nurture

What term describes the technique of gathering self-reported attitudes and behaviors of people?

Study

Respectively, what term describes a statistical measure of how much two factors vary together and therefore predict each other and what term describes a graphed cluster of dots that represent the values of two variables?

Correlation coefficient, scatterplot

What term describes when experimental research is impossible and there are independent variables that cannot be manipulated?

Ex post facto study

Respectively, what term describes an inverse relation of scores on a graphed cluster of dots and what term describes a directly proportional relation of scores on a graphed cluster of dots?

Negative correlation, positive correlation

The quote, "knowledge has modified attitudes, and through them, behavior" illustrates that psychology can transform modern what?

Culture