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inference
to draw a reasonable conclusion based on information given.
invective
An emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.
situational irony
a contrast between what is expected and what actually exists or happens. funny/add humor. Ex: Monster's Inc monsters being funny/silly, not scary
verbal irony
when something that is said explicitly is different than what is meant.
verbal irony
a character stepping out into a hurricane and saying, "What nice weather we're having!"
dramatic irony
when the audience knows something the characters do not.
dramatic irony
Ex: In Romeo and Juliet, the audience knows Juliet's not dead.
juxtaposition
placing two elements side by side to present a comparison or contrast.
juxtaposition
Ex: Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hide
litotes (Lie tote eeez)
understatement that uses negative terms to make a positive statement. Greek for simple or plain
litotes
Ex: Not bad (good)
loose sentence
sentence where independent clause comes first, followed by phrases or clauses to add details. Can be seen as relaxed or informal.
loose sentence
Ex: Florida is a great vacation spot for families, with Disney World, Universal Studios, and Sea World.
metaphor
comparison of unlike things presenting similarities.
metonymy
A figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it.
metonymy
Ex: The village swears to the crown (king)
mood
Feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader
narrative
The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.
onomatopoeia
A word that imitates the sound it represents.
onomatopoeia
Ex: boom, pop.
oxymoron
a figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction
oxymoron
Ex: Jumbo Shrimp
paradox
A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity.
paradox
Ex: Ship of Theseus
parallelism/parallel structure
grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity.
parallelism
Ex: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times."
parody
A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule.
parody
Ex: Pride and Prejudice with Zombies
pedantic
An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish.
periodic sentence
sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end
periodic sentence
Ex: independent clause near the period
personification
A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes
personification
Ex: The sun smiled down on us
polysyndeton
intentionally employs a series of conjunctions not normally found in successive words, phrases or clauses; the deliberate and excessive use of conjunctions in successive words or clauses.
polysyndeton
Ex: 'Neither snow nor rain nor heat nor gloom of night stays these couriers.
1st person pov
tells the story with the first person. pronoun, "I," and is a character in the story.
2nd person pov
where the narrator tells the story to another character using the word 'you.' (may not need)
3rd person pov
when someone not in the story tells the story (like an invisible observer)
predicate adjective
An adjective that follows a linking verb and describes the subject.
predicate adjective
Ex: The dog is cute
predicate nominative
a noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and renames or identifies the subject.
predicate nominative
Ex: She is a monster
prose
written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure. Not poetry
prose
Ex: A book that goes all the way to the ends of paper.
repetition
Repeating a word, phrase, or idea for emphasis or rhythmic effect.
repetition
Ex: Let it snow, Let it snow, Let it snow
rhetoric
the art of using language effectively and persuasively
rhetorical modes
exposition, description, narration, argumentation
RM exposition
explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion
RM description
re-create, invent, or visually present a person, place, event or action so that the reader can picture that being described.
RM argumentation
rove the validity of an idea, or point of view, by presenting sound reasoning, discussion, and argument that thoroughly convince the reader
RM narration
tell a story or narrate an event or series of events
rhetorical question
not answered by the writer because its answer is obvious or obviously desired, and usually just a yes or no answer. used for effect, emphasis, or provocation, or for drawing a conclusionary statement from the fact at hand.
rhetorical question
Ex: 'What's in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet.'
sarcasm
bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. may use irony, but not all ironic sentences are this.
sarcasm
Ex: "Well, what a surprise."
Hypophora is asked and immediately answered by the author, where a rhetorical question is left unanswered.
what's the difference between hypophora and a rhetorical question?
sarcasm is condescending and directed at a person, while verbal irony is simply saying the opposite of what is meant.
what's the difference between verbal irony and sarcasm?