TOA 2

Modernism

emerging in the early 20th century, it responded to changes in technology and society

Modern Architecture

- rejection of traditional styles
- reduction of elements

Modern Architecture

- exploration of new materials (man-made/factory-made)
- simplification of forms

Formalism

- relationship of parts to whole
- emphasizes form
- monumental in scale

Formalism

- shape is the focus of attention
- lines and rigid geometric shapes
- colonnades and entablatures

Expressionism

is the representation of forms and shapes from the emotional feelings of the designer

Expressionism

is the external manifestation of the internal function

Constructivism

is combined engineering and technology that flourished in Russia in the 1920's-1930's. it grew out of Russian futurism.

Constructivism

- glass and steel
- machine-made building parts
- technological details such as antennae, signs and projections screens
- abstract geometric shapes
- sense of movement

Bauhaus

is a German expression meaning house for building

architecture in its most pure form devoid of ornamentation

Bauhaus

- flat roofs
- smooth facades
- cubic shapes
- colors are white, gray, beige, or black
- steel-frame with glass curtain walls

Functionalism

is the principle that a building is designed based on its purpose (form follows function)

Functionalism

- ornaments are reduced to bare essentials
- it must be inexpensive, durable and beautiful

International Style

is the Bauhaus in the USA and a symbol of capitalism

International Style

favored architecture for office buildings and homes for the rich

International Style

- geometric, monolith skyscrapers
- flat roof
- glass curtain wall
- no ornamentation
- stone, steel, glass construction material

Desert Modernism

is a regional approach to International Style

Desert Modernism

- rocks, trees, and landscape features
- expansive glass walls and windows
- dramatic rooflines
- wide overhangs
- steel and plastic combines with wood and stone
- open floor plan

Structuralism

also known as spatial systems architecture, treats the structure of buildings as a system of living cells

Structuralism

- consist of cell-like honeycomb shapes
- intersecting planes, cubed grids
- densely clustered spaces with connecting courtyrds

High-Tech

is often machine-like, preference for technology and tectonics

High-Tech

- steel, aluminum and glass
- brightly colored braces, girders, and beams
- prefabricated parts
-utilities system exposed on the exterior
- universal interior spaces

Brutalism

is the architecture of raw concrete or Beton Brut

Brutalism

- precast concrete slabs
- rough, unfinished surfaces
- exposed steel beams
- massive, sculptural

Deconstructivism

is manipulation to disturb and dislocate the structure of a building to attain aesthetic-controlled chaos

Deconstructivism

- fragmentation
- no visual logic
- unrelated, disharmonious abstract forms

Minimalism

- is reductive design
- only the most essential elements are provided
- emphasis is on the outline/frame of structure
- interior walls are eliminated

Minimalism

- open floor plan
- lighting is used to dramatize lines and planes
- negative spaces around the structure are part of the design

Metabolism

considered cities as living things that can change over time

Metabolism

- prefabrication, expansion and contraction based on need
- attachable /detachable substructure
-replaceable units (cells or pods)
-sustainability

Organicism

(acct. to Frank Lloyd Wright) a building should complement its environment so as to create a single, unified space that appears to "grow naturally" out of the ground

Organicism

- use of natural colors
- reveal the nature of materials
- open up spaces
- provide a place for natural foliage

Post Modernism

is combining new ideas with traditional forms

Post Modernism

- symbolism to make a statement or simply to delight the viewer
- colors

Sustainable Architecture

seeks to minimize the negative environmental impact of buildings by efficiency and moderation in the use of materials, energy, and development space

Zoomorphic

- New Animal Architecture
- is a late 20th and early 21st century literal and abstract representations of animal forms

Biomorphism

finds inspiration from mother nature

Blobitecture

is a type of wavy, curvy design without traditional edges or traditional symmetric form

Eero Saarinen

"The purpose of architecture is to shelter and enhance man's life on earth and to fulfill his belief in the nobility of his existence"

Eero Saarinen

"Function influence but does not dictate them"

Eero Saarinen

He was famous for his varying style according to demand of the project

simple, sweeping, arching structural curves. He was also known for his innovative, sculptural forms

1. Respect for Function
2. Structural Integrity
3. Awareness of Our Time
4. Integration with our Environment
5. Expression of Meaning
6. Unity of Design

Six Pillars of Architecture by Eero Saarinen

Emilio Ambasz

- an early proponent of 'green' architecture
- his trademark style is a combination of buildings and gardens

"green over grey"

Walter Gropius

Founder of the Bauhaus School of Art.

Walter Gropius

German architect who broke form previous design with light, airy, bright buildings of glass and iron

Walter Gropius

"to build is to create events"

Walter Gropius

"The final goal of all artistic activity is architecture"

Richard Rogers

his trademark technique that went on to be known as "bowellism", inside-out style

Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano

famous for Pompidou Centre/Le Pompidou

Tadao Ando

"In all my works, light is an important controlling factor."

Tadao Ando

- he's a minimalist
- his design follows the beton brut principle
- "smooth-as-silk" concrete
- natural light being the controlling factor in all his works

Tadao Ando

"Church of the Light, Osaka"

Herzog and de Meuron

their style was modern minimalist and their commitment of articulation through materiality is a common concept through all their projects

Herzog and de Meuron

famous for the world's largest steel structure, the Beijing National Stadium

Luis Barragan

"Architecture is an art when one consciously or unconsciously creates aesthetic emotion in the atmosphere and when this environment produces well being."

Luis Barragan

- his works have been describe as "mystical" as well as serene
- was a master of color, light, and space

Luis Barragan

"emotional architecture"
"any work of architecture which does not express serenity is a mistake"

Kenzo Tange

his design is closely associated with the metabolism movement but because of his functionalist ideas, he never belonged to the group

Kenzo Tange

Famous for Hiroshima Peace Center and Memorial Park, where he combined Le Corbusier's five points with elements drawing from Japanese traditions

Kenzo Tange

Yoyogi National Gymnasium

Greene & Greene Architects

their architectural styles are:
- structure of the house was externalized rather than hidden behind decorations
- extravagance of supports takes its origins from elaborate joinery and framing of traditional Japanese architecture
- they made use of diff types of wood and utilized natural light

Helmut Jahn

- his style was generally post modern
- designing extravagant buildings that combined historical and contextual references with high-tech engineering solutions

Leandro Locsin

his designs are marked by his distinct use of:
- concrete
- themes of floating volume
- use of native materials
- massive supports
- the roof emphasized as the dominant form
- wide overhanging eaves

Leandro Locsin

they describe him as the "Poet of Space" for the way he articulated space using straightforward geometry

Leandro Locsin

"The architecture of my country is a synthesis of our society"

Zaha Hadid

- her architectural style is deconstructivism movement
- her work is also describe as an example of parametricism

Parametricism

a style within contemporary avant-grade architecture, promoted as a successor to post-modern architecture and modern architecture

Zaha Hadid

"I'm trying to discover - invent, I suppose - an architecture, and forms of urban planning , that do something of the same thing in a contemporary way. I started out trying to create buildings that would sparkle like isolated jewels now I want them to connect, to from a new kind of landscape. To flow together with contemporary cities and the lives of their peoples.”

Moshe Safdie

"The design of the buildings should contribute to it's community"

Moshe Safdie

his architectural styles are:
- dramatic curves
- arrays of geometric patterns
- use of windows key placement of open and green spaces

he's a self-described modernist

Moshe Safdie

His famous work is the Marina Bay Sands Integrated Resort

Moshe Safdie

"Habitat 67, Montreal"

Oscar Niemeyer

"Form follows feminine/beauty."

Oscar Niemeyer

He's the king of curves

"mountains/waves/women \= curves"

Oscar Niemeyer

- his style is having the lightness of the curved forms
- uses reinforced concrete very often

Oscar Niemeyer

"Right angles don't attract me. Nor straight, hard, or inflexible lines created by man... What attracts me are free and sensual curves. The curves we find in mountains, in the waves of the sea, in the body of the woman we love."

Thom Mayne

known for his bold and unconventional works which were noted for their set of angular forms, layered exterior walls, incorporation of giant letter and number graphics, and emphasis on natural light.

Jean Nouvel

- his personal architectural style is having no signature style

- His work is always specific to the site, program, its people and the whole context.

(he's Professor X/Lex Luthor look a like)

Jean Nouvel

"Each new situation requires a new architecture."

Jean Nouvel

"It is not possible to design always the same. How to be different in each place - that is the most important work and duty of the architect to find out."

Jean Nouvel

his famous work is the Torre Agbar, the structure is intended to recall the shape of a geyser rising into the air.

Richard Meier

"White is the most wonderful color because within it you can see all the colors of the rainbow. The whiteness of white is never just white, It is almost always transformed by light and that which is changing, the sky, the clouds, the sun and the moon.”

Richard Meier

- his focal point of style Is mainly the dominant use of the color white that
gives that gives the structure a pristine look.
- He also utilizes geometric patterns, Rich spatial exposures with emphasis on light on his
designs

Renzo Piano

Although he is best known for his "hi-tech" public spaces, according to architecture critic Paul Goldberger, "Unlike most other architectural stars, he has no signature style. Instead, his work is characterized by a genius for balance and context..."

Renzo Piano

He is a master of one specific building type. He has designed dozens of museum buildings around the world becoming the most prolific museum designer of our time.

Antoni Gaudi

"Artists do not need monuments erected for them because their works are their monuments."

Antoni Gaudi

He famous work is the Sagrada Familia

Rem Koolhaas

"the client is chaos"
"the integration of notion of cheapness to create sublime conditions"

Hani Rashid

Founder of an organization called Asymptote Architecture

Critics have described Asymptote's architectural style as "futuristic."

Philip Johnson

"Architecture is the art of how to waste space"

Philip Johnson

His known for using international style and post modernism as his personal architectural style

Philip Johnson

Famous work is the Glass House

Philip Johnson and John Burgee

AT&T Building

Mies van der Rohe

"Less is more", and "God is in the details"

Mies van der Rohe

his styles are:
- traditionalism to modernism, - free of ornamentation and excess
- emphasizes open space
- reductionist approach
- can create calmness and openness in the midst of chaotic surroundings

Mies van der Rohe

"everything is open, nothing is concealed"

RCR Arquitectes
Rafael Aranda, Carme Pigem, and Ramon Vilalta

"The landscape, the trees, the sky - those are the things we like to relate to."

RCR Arquitectes
Rafael Aranda, Carme Pigem, and Ramon Vilalta

They are considered to be modern industrial organicists

Alejandro Aravena

King of the block: master of minimalist forms