Psych 290 Midterm 1 Flashcards (Updated)

social referencing

Reading emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation

slow-to-warm-up child

a child with low activity level

reflexive smile

Smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli

easy-going child

child is generally in a positive mood

emotion

feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or interaction that is important to them

difficult child

child who reacts negatively and cries frequently

pain cry

sudden long, initial loud cry, followed by breath holding

separation protest

crying when caregiver leaves

goodness of fit

matching a child’s temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with it

stranger anxiety

fear and wariness of strangers, happens during 2nd half of first year of life

reflexes

built-in reactions to stimuli that govern newborn’s movements

fine motor skills

more finely tuned movements, like finger dexterity

cephalocaudal

developmental sequence which growths starts at the top, working way down to bottom

proximodistal

sequence in which growth starts at center of body and out towards extremities

habituation

decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of it

sids

occurs when an infant stops breathing at night

sensation

occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors

perception

Interpretation of what is sensed

dishabituation

Recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation

marasmus

Wasting away of body tissues in the infant’s first year Caused by severe protein-calorie deficiency

kwashiorkor

caused by severe protein deficiency Child’s abdomen and feet become swollen with water

implicit

Memory without conscious recollection

expanding

Restating something child has said

semantics

The system that involves the meaning of words and sentences.

accommodation

Adjusting schemes to fit new information and experiences

explicit

Memory with conscious remembering of facts and experiences

attention

Focusing of mental resources on select information

recasting

Rephrasing something child has said

assimilation

Using existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences

morphology

the system that involves the way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences.

wernicke

Region in the brain’s left hemisphere that is involved in language comprehension

phonology

The sound system of a language

labeling

Identifying names of objects

organization

Grouping of isolated behaviors and thoughts into a higher-order system

Broca

Region in the brain’s left frontal lobe that is involved in speech production

equilibration

Mechanism by which children shift from one stage of thought to the next

language acquisition device

Chomsky’s term that describes a biological endowment enabling the child to detect the features and rules of language, including phonology, syntax, and semantics

schemes

Actions or mental representations that organize knowledge

syntax

The system that involves the way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences.

pragmatics

The system of using appropriate conversation and knowledge of how to effectively use language in context

avg growth is ___ and __ to __ pounds per year during early childhood

2.5 inches / 5 - 10

the two most important contributors to heigh are:

ethnic origin and nutrition

by 6 years of age, the brain reaches what volume of an adult’s brain?

95%

body coordination happens by ___ years?

5 years

what age do the detection of boundaries between colors get better

3-4 years

what age can children focus their eyes and sustain attention effectively on close-up objects

4-5 years

recommended sleep for early child-hood

11-13 hours

usa has the _____ rate of childhood obesity

second highest

how many preschool kids experience malnutrition in the US?

11 million

leading causes of death in US are?

accidents, congenital malformations, deformations, chromosomal abnormalities

in the ________ stage of piaget, the children’s cognitions are dominated by egocentrism and magical beliefs

pre-operational

the _________ thought is the inability to distinguish one’s own perspective from someone else’s

egocentrism

sensorimotor play

infants get pleasure from exercising their existing sensorimotor schemes

indulgent parenting

parents highly involved in kids life but place few demands or control on them

initiative vs guilt

great governor of initiative is conscience

co parenting

supports that parents give each other in raising a child

gender schema theory

gender typing emerges as children gradually devleop gender schemes of what is right and what is wrong for their gender

heteronomous morality

justice and rules are conceived as unchangeable and removed from the control of people

practice play

involves repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned

gender typing

acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

authoritative parenting

encourages children to be independent but still places a few controls and limits on them

lower-ses parents

money concerned, parents are the #1 authority

self-understanding

substance and content of self conceptions

play therapy

used to allow childs to work off frustrations through play, and helps cope with problems

immanent justice

concept that if a rule is broken, punishment comes immediately

constructive play

combines sensorimotor / practice play with symbolic representation

higher-ses parents

home atmosphere where kids can help with rules and regulations

neglectful parenting

parents are uninvolved with child’s life

aurhoritarian parenting

parents force kids to follow their rules and don’t let kid talk

games

activities for fun and pleasure

gender role

set of expectations within a gender

social play

involves interactions with peers

gender identity

sense of being a specific gender, comes by 3 years old

conscience

internal regulation of standards of right and wrong, morality, etc

pretense/symbolic play

transforming the physical environment into a symbol

moral feelings

feeling of anxiety and guilt are central to the account of moral development

autonomous morality

piaget’s theory, older children by 10 years old realize rules are made by people

imprinting

Chemical process prevents one member of the gene pair from expressing itself

turner syndrome

A syndrome a missing X chromosome in females can cause intellectual disability and sexual underdevelopment.

klinefelter

A syndrome with an extra X chromosome causes Physical abnormalities.

huntington’s disease

Central nervous system deteriorates. Producing problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration.

tay.sachs disease

Deceleration of mental and physical development caused by an accumulation of lipids in the nervous system.

phenylketenuria

Metabolic disorder that. left untreated. Causes intellectual disability and hyperactivity.

cystic fibrosis

Glandular dysfunction that interferes with mucus production; breathing and digestion are hampered, resulting In a shortened life span

hemophilia

Delayed blood clotting causes internal and external bleeding.

fragile x syndrome

An abnormality in the X chromosome can cause intellectual disability. learning disabilities. or short attention span.

sickle-cell-anemia

Blood disorder that limits the body's oxygen supply; it can cause joint swelling. as well as heart and kidney failure.

low birth weight infants

weighs less than 5.5 pounds at birth

rooming-in-arrangements

baby remains in mother’s room most of the time during its hospital stay

breech position

special breathing technique to control pushing in the final stages of labor

doula

caregiver who provides continuous support for the mother before, during, and after child-birth

preterm infants

born before the completion of 37 weeks of gestations

brazelton neonatal behavioral assessment scale

used in first month of life to assess newborn reactions to people and objects, reflexes, and neurobiological development

neural migration

cells moving outward from their point of origin to their appropriate locations

fetal period

2 months after conception till birth

germinal period

takes place in the first two weeks after conception

organogenesis

organ formation, takes place during first two months of pre-natal development

apgar scale

assessing the health of newborns at one and five minutes after birth

embryonic peroid

occurs two to eight weeks after conception