Exam 3

using living systems to benefit humans

biotechnology

alteration of organism’s genes

genetic engineering

restriction enzymes are produced to protect against what?

bacteriophages

cloned plasmid genes are inserted where?

location that disrupts antibiotic selective marker

plate with mold colonies have blue and white which do you pick?

white

dna molecule charge

negative

technology used to amplify dna

pcr

3 steps of pcr

denaturing, annealing, and extension

why are primers used for pcr?

more production in a shorter time

sanger method uses what unique nucleotide

nucleotide missing an hydroxyl group

study of ALL dna of entire microbial community is known as…

metagenomics

6 reagents needed for pcr rxn?

dna template,f/r primers, dna polymerase, deoxynucleotide, triphosphates, and rxn buffer

r-tscript can detect…

rna in a sample

3 steps of dna recombination for pharma use

gene isolation, inserting gene into plasmid, and introducing plasmid into cell

recombination techniques are used for…

insulin

enzyme used to cut dna at palindrome to make sticky ends

restriction enzymes

2 components of crispr-casq system

guide rna and crispr associated protiens

genome mapping shows…

location of gene in chromosome

3 things rna sequencing shows

transcript isoforms, gene fusions, and single nucleotide variants

inanimate items which may harbor microbes and aide disease transmission

fomite

3 examples of fomites

doorknobs, toys, and towels

(BS) rarely cause disease in healthy people

Biosafety 1

(BS) infectious agents/not airborne

Biosafety 2

(BS) serious or lethal diseases/airborne

Biosafety 3

(BS) dangerous and exotic pathogens

Biosafety 4

2 aseptic technique purposes

barrier bt microorganisms in the env and sterile cell culture

autoclave uses what mechanism for sterilization?

steam sterilization

decimal reduction time is how long it takes to kill what % of a microbial population?

90%

microbial death trend is called

logarithmic growth trend

pascalization controls microbial growth thru use of…

denaturing proteins

x-rays and gamma rays are which type of radiation

ionizing radiation

method of microbial control that introduces a double-strand break in dna

ionizing radiation

uv light is which type of radiation

non-ionizing radiation

microbial control used by surgical staff to disinfect surfaces in operating rooms

steam under pressure

how do heavy metals control microbial growth

kill microbes by binding to proteins (inhibit enzyme activity)

reduces microbial numbers

disinfectant

eliminates ALL bacteria

sterilization

reduces microbial populations to render safe for handling

decontamination

4 things that affect the efficiency of germicide

temperature, pH, relative humidity, and water hardness

decreased level disinfectants are sufficient to remove microbes from which equipment tiers

noncritical

halogen containing compound used as a form of topical antisepsis

iodophor

contact lens cleaners commonly use what to control microbial growth

hydrogen peroxide

a group of strong disinfecting chemicals that act by replacing a hydrogen atom with an alkyl group

alkylating agents

how do you interpret a disk diffusion assay? (large vs small zones)

large zones-organism susceptible/small zone-indicate resistance

test used to determine if a solution of disinfectant actively used in a clinical setting is contaminated

in-use test

1st antimicrobial agent discovered to tx syphillis

salvarsan

who is credited for finding a natural occurring antimicrobial agent

alexander flemming

why would broad-spectrum antimicrobial initially be used to tx a patient

increased likelihood of fighting pathogen (especially in critically ill patients)

how does penicillin work?

blocks transpeptidase from building links in peptidoglycan cell wall

4 classes of beta-lactam antibiotics

penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams

what is targeted in mechanisms of resistance used by bth mrsp and vrsa

modification

how does bacitracin work

block mvmt of peptidoglycan subunits from cytoplasm to exit of cell

amino glycosides target which structure of bacteria cell

bacterial ribosomes

macrocodes target which feature of bacteria cell

bacterial ribosomes

2 shortcomings of phenols?

bone marrow toxicity and aplastic anemia

4 classes of drugs that target 50s subunit

macrolides, lincosamides, chloramphenicol, and oxazoldinones

3 ways polypetide drugs work

interact with lippolysaccraride, destabilize outer membrane of gram - wall, and destabilize plasma membrane (cell lysis)

target of antimicrobial drug known as rifampin

nucleic acid synthesis

target of antimicrobial drug known as fluroquinolones

dna replication enzymes

sulfa drugs inhibit which metabolic pathway

folate metabolism

2 reasons why sulfa drugs don’t target mammalian cells

do not make folic acid or enough enzymes to target

the reason why it is difficult to develop drugs that specifically target eukaryotic pathogens

cells are similar to humans=more difficult to develop drug w/ selective toxicity

anti fungal that targets the enzyme that make beta glucan

echinocandin drugs

infection that is artemisin based combination therapies used to treat?

malaria

metrodiazole and pentamidine tx which type of infection

protozoan

what does nitazoxnide do to tx infections w/ giardia and cytosprodium against certain parasitic worms

blocks energy metabolism in protozoa

benzimidazoles and avermetilins tx what type of infection

parasitic worms

molecular compounds with similar structures to nitrogenous bases of amino acids/chemical mutagens

nucleoside analogs

r-transcript inhibitor,scchas AZT can be used to target which virus?

HIV

4 mechanisms of antibiotic resistence

enzymatic destruction,prevention of penetration, alteration of target site, and rapid ejection of drug

chart with pattens of bacteria isolates to animicrbial agents at single inst. to choose tx and compare them

antiobiogram

read MIC value and compare inhibition of growth

e test

zone of inhibition

disk diffusion assay

ignore growth on edge of strip

microbroth dilution assay

to id min bactericidal concentration of broth, what must be determined 1st

minimal inhibitory concentration

strategies being used by pharmaceutical companies and clinicians to combat drug-resistant bacteria

fewer increasing pharmaceutical companies are developing antimicrobial rational use of antimicrobials

subjective experiences of the patient that CAN’T be measured

symptom

3 examples of symptoms of disease

pain, fatigue, and nausea

objective indicators of disease that can be measured or verified

sign

3 example of signs of disease

fever, rash, blood in stool

diseases spread from animals to people

zoonotic

diseases spread from people to people

communicable

an infectious agent that causes disease in virtually any susceptible host

true pathogen

a disease that occurs as the result of medical care or tx

lactogenic

a disease acquired in a hospital setting

nosocomial

5 stages of infectious disease (in order)

incubation, prodromal, acute, decline, and convalescent

stage of disease when pt begins to feel signs and symptoms

prodromal

stage of disease when a pt is most susceptible to developing a secondary infection

decline

4 criteria used to evaluate what pathogen is the causative agent of a particular disease

koch’s postulate

koch’s postulate is used to id which part of a pathogen

contributing genes

the general ability of an infectious agent to cause disease

pathogenicity

\# of cells/virons needed to establish an injection of 50% of the exposed host is called what?

ID50

\# of pathogenic cells/virons/amount of toxin required to kill 50% of infected animals is called what?

LD50

relationship bt 1D50 and infectiousness

ID50 is the inoculum required to infect 50% of the population

5 factors that make you more susceptible to getting a microbiota-causing disease

antibiotics, chemotherapy, pregnancy, age, and environment

4 examples of parenteral entry

abrasions, bites, surg. incisions, and burrowing

symptom of an infection associated with mode of transmission

infection rich bodily fluids

portal of entry that blood borne pathogens mostly use

parenteral

condition in which blood contains actively dividing bacteria

septicemia

virulence factors used to stick to host cell

adhesions