fundamental final exam

What is Health?

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well being

What is a disease?

A pathologic change in the structure or function of the body

What is illness?

The response of a person to a real or percieved disease

What factors affect health?

Physical and emotional deminsions, enviroment, social life, and cultures

What are the basic human needs?

safety, security, love, belonging, self esteem, psychological needs

What is acute illness?

Illness that has a rapid onset and lasts for less than 6 months

What is stage 1 of acute illness?

experiencing symptoms

What is stage 2 of acute illness?

when pt is sick

What is stage 3 of acute illness?

pt becomes "dependent"

What is stage 4 of acute illness?

recovery and rehabilitation

What is chronic illness?

Permanent change that lasts for longer than 6 months and usually requires special care and support

What is health promotion?

Trying to move individuals, families, and communities toward a higher level of wellness

What is medical asepsis?

clean technique that reduces the risk of infection

What is surgical asepsis?

sterile technique that ensures ALL equipment is free of bacteria

What are the most common noscomial infections?

UTI, surgical wound infection, noscomial pneumonia, bacterial anemia, burn wound, enteric infection

What are the six links in a chain of infection?

infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, sucestible host

What are airborne precautions?

private room with door kept closed, wear a mask or respirator. Used for TB, Varicella, rubeola

What are droplet precautions?

private room, mask must be worn within 3 feet of patient. Used for rubella, mumps, diphtheria, adenovirus

What is contact precautions?

Private room, wear gloves, gown. Used for bacteria spread by direct or indirect contact

What is reverse precaution?

Used when patient is extremely susceptible

What is the infectious process stages?

incubation, prodromal, full stage, covalescence

What is a localized infection?

single area of the body is affected, caused by inflammatory response

What is a systemic infection?

infection that spreads to other body systems, causes increased HR, RR, weakness, tender lymph nodes

What is the labratory data for infection?

increased WBC, positive cultures

What is pain?

an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage

What are the sensory components of pain?

location, intensity, quality, pattern

What is +1 edema?

slight indentation, 2mm

What is +2 edema?

indentation of less than 5mm

What is 3+ edema?

indendation of 5-10mm

What is 4+ edema?

indentation of more than 10mm

What is rales/crackles?

Sounds in the lung produced by air entering a space that contains secretions

What are aveolar rales?

fine crackles, poppng sounds

What are bronchi/gurgles?

continuous, but more pronounced during respiration, rumbling, low pitched, coarse, gurgling, sound produced with an airway obstruction with thick secretions

What are wheezes?

contiunous during inspiration and expiration, high or low flow of air through a narrowed airway

What is a friction rub?

loud, dry, grating sound, rub over pericardial area is suggestive of pericarditis. rub over pleural area may suggest lung disease

What can cause decreased or absent breath sounds?

obstruction from the bronchial tree, emphysema, obstruction of sound transmission

What is hypercapnia?

an increase in carbon dioxide

What is hypoxemia?

a decrease in O2, low O2 in blood

What is kyphosis?

hunch back

What is lordosis?

curve in the spine

What is scoliosis?

lateral curvature of the spine

What are E cylinders for transport?

portable o2 tank that have 2-6L of O2. lasts 4-6 hours

What is a nasal cannula?

low flow oxygen device that can deliver up to 6L of O2. 24-44% of oxygen

What a simple mask?

low flow O2 device that can deliver 6-10L, 35-60% of oxygen

What is a partial rebreather mask?

low flow O2 device that can deliver 6-15L of oxygen. 70-90%

What is a Venturi mask?

high flow device that delivers FiO2 regardless of the patient's breathing pattern.

What is an incentive spirometry?

used in presence of atelectasis. draw in a slow deep breath to maximal inspiration, hold breath and let out slowly

What is an oropharyngeal artificial airway?

used to relieve upper airway obstruction

Whar is a nasopharyngeal artificial airway?

used to relieve upper airway obstruction caused by tongue and/or soft palate, suctioning is less traumatic than nasal suctioning

What is ADPIE?

asessment, diagnosis, planning, implementing, evaluation

What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging, self esteem

What is the function of the kidney's?

remove waste products of metabolism from the blood through filtration and reabsorption, and regulate body fluid and electrolyte balance

What medications affect urination?

cholinergics, anticholinergics, opioids, diuretics, anesthetics

What is oliguria?

diminished urine output. Less than 500 cc of urine in 24 hours

What is polyuria?

voiding abnormally large amounts of urine

What is nocturia?

urination at night

What is dysuria?

painful urination

What is a routine urinalysis?

frequently done as routine, admission, diagnostic test/ outpatient

What is a clean catch midstream?

emphasis is on sterile. Clean meatus prior to voiding, void about 30mL into toilet, collect urine specimen and stop collection before end of voiding

What is a timed specimen collection?

collections from 1-2 hours to 24 hours. Note the time started, start with empty bladder, save all the urine, end the collection with an empty bladder, and collect specimen in large jug kept on ice in room

How do you collect a urine specimen from an indwelling catheter?

obtained from catheter tubing not bag, cleanse port, clamp tubing, use syringe, and dispense urine in sterile container. Urine comes straight from bladder.

What are the components of extracellular fluid?

intravascular, intersitial

What is first spacing?

where it should be in the right amount

What is second spacing?

too much fluid in the interstitial space, is easily reabsorbed

What is third spacing?

too much fluid where it shouldn't be, not easily reabsorbed

What are the four causes of edema?

increased capillary permeability, increased capillary osmotic pressure, increased hydrostatic pressure, lymphatic obstruction

What percentage of the human body is fluid?

60%, 40L

What is a normal sodium level?

135-145 mEq/L, works on water balance and neuromuscular membrane excitability

What is a normal calcium level?

9-10.5dl, works on skeletal muscle function, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle contraction

What is a normal chloride level?

98-110mEq/L, works on maintaining electroneurality with sodium

What is a normal level of potassium?

3.5-5.0mEq/L, critical for electrical conduction of nerve impulses

What is a normal level of phosphorus?

2.4-4.7mg/dl, needed for cellular energy formation and regulation

What is a normal level of magnesium?

1.3-2.1mEq/L, needed to prevent over excitability of muscles

What is filtration?

The movement of fluid and electrolytes through a permeable membrane from high pressure to lower pressure by force

What is diffusion?

molecules move across a semipermeable membrane from more concentrated to more dilute

What is osmosis?

Water moves through a semipermeable membrane from a weaker solution to a more concentrated dilution

What is colloid osmotic pressure?

the pulling force of water and solutes moving from a solution with high hydrostatic pressure to a solution with lower hydrostatic pressure, FLUID FOLLOWS PROTIENS

What is active transport?

molecules move against a concentration gradient across cell membranes

What is hydrostatic pressure ?

The pushing force of water and solutes moving from a solution with higher hydrostatic pressure to a lower hydrostatic pressure

What is oncotic pressure?

Pressure caused by colloids in solutions

What are colloids?

particles that are too large to pass through a semipermeable membrane

What is osmolality?

the measure of a solution's ability to create osmotic pressure and thus affecting the movement of water. Ratio of solutes to water.

What is osmolarity?

concentration of solutes; reflects the number of particles in a liter of solution

What is a normal osmolarity range?

275-295

What is hypotonic?

fluid moves into the cell

What is isotonic?

osmolality is the same as body fluids

What is hypertonic?

fluid moves out of the cells

What is hypervolemia?

fluid volume excess

What are the signs and symptoms of hypervolemia?

edema, urine is pale, firm tissue turgor, sudden weight gain, increased pulse, increased BP, distended neck veins, dyspnea

What is hypovolemia?

dehydration

What are the signs and symptoms of hypovolemia?

flushed skin, thirst, dry mucous membranes, increased body temp, weight loss, decreased urinary output

What is a normal pH?

7.35-7.45

What is normal CO2?

35-45mmHg

What is a normal HCO3?

22-26 mEq/L

What is respiratory acidosis?

low pH, High CO2

What is respiratory alkalosis?

High pH, Low CO2

What is metabolic acidosis?

low pH, low HCO3

What is metabolic alkalosis?

high pH, high HCO3

What is malabsorption?

anything that prevents the uptake of nutrients

What is Chron's disease?

inflammation of the intestinal lining