Soc 134: Exam #3

Voluntary association

a group of individuals who join together voluntarily to form an organization in order to accomplish a purpose whether political, economic, or leisure-oriented

Gunner Myrdal

Americans are "great joiners" and associations are "salt of American politics"

Tocqueville

a healthy and functioning democracy requires its citizens to establish communal bonds

Who was the most likely to form organizations after the civil war?

rapid rise in number of organizations both of African Americans and Northern Whites

Who was the least likely to form organizations after the civil war?

Southern Whites less likely to form organization

What was one organization Southern Whites formed after the civil war?

KKK

What did these organization promote?

racial and ethnic conflict

What was the response to white only groups?

several non-white organizations were created

Exclusion was uni-directional

people of color were excluded from mainstream/dominant/organizations/spaces

What were some ways people tried to combat segregation?

Mass political movement to dismantle segregation. Groups formed to fight for integration. Commission on interracial coalition

What was the response to combating segregation?

Groups integrated their memberships

Ethnic Nationalism

Promote the idea to establish a different country ruled by one race

What did people think the only way to answer racial domination?

Racial segregation and complete independence from whites

What were some values of an Ethnic Nationalism?

Self determination, race pride, separatism, the creations of an independent nation

How has ethnic nationalism been prominent in history?

White ethnic nationalism has been far more prevalent throughout American history

Malcom X

Converted to the nation of Islam, a small separatist black sect led by Elijah Muhammad

What did Malcom X promote?

race pride, isolation, and self-discipline

What was Malcom X's main message?

African Americans should become independent from everyone else

First nation

autonomous nation, indigenous people who are the earliest known inhabitants of that area

What were the failures of the black nationalism movement?

A separate black nation never came to be and racial integration became the widely desired goal

What were the successes of the black nationalism movement?

Struck a blow to symbolic violence and nurtured pride in blackness (Black history and culture)

Civil society

all of the non-governmental organizations and institutions that represent the interests and will of citizens; or all of the individuals and organizations in a society which are independent of the government

What are some examples of civil society?

Clubs and organizations. Anything out of government

Who is most likely to participate and join community activities?

White people are more likely than people of color

What are some factors that would prevent people of color to join community organizations?

People may not afford to participate and not being able to speak English

What is a fundamental prerequisite of community building that people of color lack?

social trust

How do people of color feel about civil society?

People of color disillusioned with civil society

How does racialized economic inequality limit participation?

Participating in associational life requires time and money

Latinos in civil participation

With economic differences taken into account, Latinos are just as likely as whites to participate in voluntary association

Black people and civil participation

Black people are even more likely than whites to participate in voluntary associations. African Americans are "super joiners"

What can create barriers to civic participation?

The immigrant experience

How does the lack of english proficiency impact a community?

it is harder to participate if communication is limited

Immigrants' time of arrival impacting civil society

more recent immigrants tend to participate less

Community building among immigrants

High levels of community building in some immigrant enclaves

Homophily limits people's social worlds

in a way that has powerful implications for the information they receive, the attitudes they form, and the interactions they experience

What creates the strongest divides in environments?

Homophily in race and ethnicity

Friendships during adolescence

influence the formation of interracial friendships

Homophily

practice of associating with people like you in terms identify characteristics

How does homophily translate to today's society?

Associated life today is highly racially segregated

Who are you mostly to associate with?

with people outside your class, religion, and educational level

Who are you less likely to associate with?

people of different racial and ethnic groups

Baseline homophily

the amount of homophily that would happen by chance given number of people from each group in the population

Inbreeding homophily

the tendency for subjects to choose friends from among those who fall into the same category as themselves

75% of white people

have entirely white social networks

65% of black people

have entirely black social networks

46% of hispanic people

have entirely hispanic social networks

Who's most likely to have all white social networks

White republicans 83%

White seniors

80% have all white social networks

White young adults

72% have all white social networks

Propinquity effect

the tendency for people to form friendships or romantic relationships with those whom they encounter often

Propinquity and race

Research indicates that these relations also tend to be racially homogeneous

Mere exposure effect

the tendency for people to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them

How can you overcome homophily with mere exposure effect?

Through proximity, repeated exposure has potential to overcome the homophily effect

White students with black roommates 1st year of college reported

more comfortable interacting with members of other racial groups later in college

White college students with different race roommates reported

more interracial friendships

Residential propinquity

led to more interracial friendships

Greek membership and race

led to lower probability for interracial friendships for white students, higher probability for students of color

How does friendship impact who we are attracted to?

White people with friends from non-white groups are more likely to be sexually/romantically attracted to people from those groups

Are black people more attracted to white people when they have white friends?

Black people with white friends are more likely to be sexually/romantically attracted to white people

What are some conditions for black people to attracted to white people?

If their friendships are characterized by self-disclosure and they had to include a lot of opening up or telling details about your life

What are the three conditions under which propinquity will lead to positive relations

Equal status interaction, Cooperative interdependence, and Explicit support for intergroup mixing from recognizing authority figures

Who didn't recognize enslaved black families as families?

not legally recognized as families by white slave owners. Or the state

Why weren't marriages between slaves legalized?

to legalize a marriage you need to recognize the rights of the married parties

Why would enslaved family members separated?

Usually economic, or as punishment

How was black fatherhood threatened under slavery?

Black men could not protect or provide for their wives and children under conditions of enslavement. Couldn't prevent wife or kids from taking them away to another plantation

How was black motherhood threatened under slavery?

Black women separated from their children and denied control over their own sexuality and reproductive capacities

What were the conditions of the Native American boarding schools?

Children separated from their parents and many children died from these boarding schools

How did the immigration policies significantly inhibit the development of Asian American families?

From laws preventing Chinese women from entering the US this way so that Asian babies wouldn't be born on American soil to become citizens

What were Mexican repatriation programs?

forced Mexican Americans to relocate to Mexico

1970s government-sponsored programs encouraged sterilization

Sterilization of black women without them knowing and was a popular form of birth control

How were teaching hospitals known to perform unnecessary hysterectomies on poor black women?

For students to learn

"Mississippi appendectomies"

coined by Fannie Lou Hamer

What was the "Mississippi appendectomies" backstory?

Fannie Lou Hamer went into to have a tumor removed and then had an involuntary hysterectomy

What happened after black people became "property"?

white enslavers separated white indentured servants and slaves to prevent them joining forces

Anti-miscengenation laws

criminalized interracial marriages and sex

Who posed a threat during the Jim Crow Era?

Biracial children and biracial men to white patriarchy since they can also be with white women

One drop rule

all people of african descent were subject to slavery, so biracial children were not a threat

How did they combat biracial men?

More laws to make white women only to white men

In 1959 Jeter and Loving were sentenced to a year in prison for what?

violating Virginia marriage law

Loving v Virginia (1967)

Supreme Court ruled laws prohibiting interracial marriage was unconstitutional

What happened after Loving v Virgina?

interracial marriages were increasing

Who was the least likely to marry outside their racial group?

White people

What was the most common combo of interracial marriages?

white and hispanic

How was racial inequality reframed?

as stemming from the dysfunctional family rather than systematic racial domination

What did President Johnson begin hinting at?

the "family problem" in speeches on civil rights. Reframing laid groundwork for policies focusing on "deficiencies" of black families

"The Negro family

The Case for National Action" (1965)

What did the Moynihan report state?

Argued that most problems facing African Americans caused by pathologies within (female-headed) black family

What did the Moynihan claim was the problem surrounding single mother households?

Claiming children did not have a strong role model. "Pathology of matriarchy"

Black fathers were

more likely to be involved with their kids' lives. Even if they don't live with their kids

Baseline homophily and dating

we tend to enter romantic relationships with people with whom we share social space. And most of those spaces are highly segregated

Inbreeding homophily and dating

many people display same-race dating preferences

The Erotic Marketplace

The ways in which people are organized and ordered according to their perceived sexual desirability

How is having more "erotic capital" beneficial?

More erotic capital is a resource to get more things

What is "erotic capital" based on?

Cultural value system deems some bodies/people more desirable than others

What was "erotic capital" not based on?

Not just a matter of individual "taste" or human nature

What is the standard of beauty?

White is the standard of beauty

Who is most likely to get responses?

White men most likely to be replied

Who is mostly likely to reply?

Black women most likely to reply

Who only responds well to white men?

White, hispanic, and asian women

Who do Men respond to the least?

black women