Psychology - Biological

Dendrites

Receive messages from neurons

Axon

Extension of a neuron bringing information to the terminal branches

Myleian Sheath

Fatty layer of tissue protecting the axon

Multiple Sclerosis

Damage to myleian sheath, causing slow reaction time

Terminal Branches

Sends message to new neurons

Synaptic Gap

Space between neurons

Depolarization

Sodium enters the neuron, turning its charge positive and allowing for action potential

Action Potential

All-or-nothing electrical charge through the axon once threshold is reached

Threshold

How much of a message a neuron needs to create an action potential

Refractory Period

After a neuron fires, it must wait to fire again

Resting Potentail

A polarized, negatively charged neuron

Neurotransmitters

Messengers in the terminal branches, go across synaptic gap into dendrites of the next neuron

Electro-Convulsive Therapy

An electrical shock used to lessen depression

Acetycholine (ACh)

Neurotransmitter specializing in muscle movement and memory-leads to Alzhimers

Serotonin

Neurotransmitter specializing in mood control-Depression

Dopamine

Neurotransmitter specializing in movement and happiness-Parkinsons

Endorphins

Neurotransmitter specializing in pain control

Agonist

Drug making neurons fire-Caffine

Antagonist

Drug making neurons not fire-Botox

Reuptake Inhibitor

Drug not allowing certain neurotransmitters to be reuptaken-SSRI

Sensory Neuron

Neurons that contact the brain with observations

Motor Neuron

Neurons that help move muscles

Inter Neuron

Neurons in the spinal cord that process information

Afferent

Sensory Neurons

Efferent

Motor Neurons

Central Nervous System

Brain and Spinal Cord

Peripheral Nervous system

Neural Pathways

Sympathetic Nervous System

Arouses the body invouluntarily

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Calms the body involuntarily

Somatic Nervous System

Controls voluntary movement

Franz Gall

Looked into phrenology

Phernology

The study of skull shape to determine personality/traits

Gigal Cells

Helps bring nutrients to neuron

Exiatory

Gas pedal for neuron

Inhibitory

Brake for neuron

Sir Charles Sherrington

Discovered the synaptic gap

Reuptake

Neuron brings neurotransmitters back from the reciver's dendrites into its terminal branches

Noephinephrine

Neurotransmitter specializing in arousal and alertness

GABA

Neurotransmitter specializing in inhibition

Glutamine

Neurotransmitter specializing in exiatory and memory

Automatic Nervous System

Automatically controls glands and organs

Spinal Cord

Connects peripheral and central nervous systems and creates reflexes

Endocrine System

System controlling glands that release hormones into the bloodstream

Adrenal Glands

Produces adrenaline, noadrenaline, ephinephrine and noephinephrine

Pituitary Gland

Master gland, oxytocin, controlled by Hypothalamus

Lesion

Destruction of brain tissue in order to map out the brain

Optogenics

Control neurons using light

EEG

Maps the brain through electrical waves

MEG

Maps the brain through magnetic fields

CT/CAT

Maps the brain through x-rays

PET

Maps the brain through glucose

MRI

Maps the brain through magnetically reorganizing atoms

fMRI

Maps the brain through blood flow

Brain Connectivity

How the brain's different parts work together

Diffusion Spectrum Imagery

Maps the brain through fibers

Brain Stem

Oldest part of the brain (1st Floor)

Medula

Part of the brain controlling breathing and heartbeat (1)

Pons

Part of the brain controlling movement and sleep (1)

Thalamus

Part of the brain controlling the input of all senses except for smell (1)

Reticular Formation

Part of the brain controlling arousal and multitasking (1)

Moruzzi/Magoun's cats

Caused cats to go into a coma through severing their reticular formation

Cerebellum

Part of the brain controlling nonverbal learning, sense of time, emotions, sound processing, texture processing, and voluntary movement (1)

Limbic System

Section of the brain mainly dealing with emotions (2nd Floor)

Amygdala

Part of the brain controlling aggression, anxiety and fear (2)Hy

Kluver/Bucy

Removed amygdala

Hypothalamus

Part of the brain controlling hunger, temperature, and thirst (2)Hi

Olds/Milner

Discovered reward centers in the hypothalamuses of rats

Hippocampus

Part of the brain controlling consciousness and memory (2)

Cerebral Cortex

Newest part of the brain mainly consistent of axon fibers, made up of 4 lobes each in two hemispheres (3rd Floor)

Frontal Lobes

Part of the brain controlling speech, movement, planning, and judgement (3)

Parietal Lobes

Part of the brain controlling touch and sense of position (3)

Occipital Lobes

Part of the brain controlling visual analysis (3)

Temporal Lobes

Part of the brain controlling auditory analysis (3)

Fritzch/Hitzig

Stimualtion makes certain parts of the body move

Brain Lateralization

Left hemispere controls right body and vice a versa

Foerster/Penfield

Helped map the motor cortex

Motor Cortex

Part of the brain controlling voluntary movement (3)

Somatosensory Cortex

Part of the brain controlling feelings of movement and contact (3)

Visual Cortex

Part of the brain controlling the input of visual information (3)

Auditory Cortex

Part of the brain controlling the input of auditory information (3)

Association Areas

Part of the brain controlling higher processing and are very hard to map (3)

Prefrontal Cortex

Part of the brain controlling judgement, memory, and planning (3)

Phineas Gage

Prefrontal cortex injury changing personality

Broca's Area

Association Area controlling speech

Wernicke's Area

Association Area controlling language comprehension

Broca's Aphasia

Limits the ability to speak

Wernicke's Aphasia

Limits the ability to understand language

Brain Plasticity

The brain can change over time

Neurogenesis

The creation of new neurons

Master Stem Cells

Can replace neurons

Fissures

Wrinkles in the brain allowing it to fit within the skull

Parathyroid Gland

Gland that regulates calcium

Pancreas

Gland regulating blood sugar

Testes/Ovaries

Glands secreting sex hormones

Behavior Geneticists

Look at how much nature and nurture affect life

Nature

Pre-planned genetic coding

Nurture

Non-genetic outside influences

Chromosomes

46 per person, made of DNA

DNA

Forms chromosomes

Genes

Genetic building blocks forming DNA strands