Anatomy Test 2

Axial skeleton

What is the integumentary system?

skin & associated parts (hair, nails, glands)

What is the largest organ in the body?

integumentary system (skin)

What is dermatology?

the study of skin

What are the 8 functions of skin?

1. regulation of body temperature 2. barrier against physical abrasions 3. prevents dehydration 4. protection from UV light 5. sensation 6. excretion 7. immunity 8. synthesizes vitamin d

How is body temperature regulated by the skin?

sweat, blood flow regulation

What does the skin excrete?

excess heat, water, & salts

How does the skin grant immunity?

acts as a physical barrier against bacterial invasion & has special immune cells that fight antigens (foreign invaders to body)

What is the epidermis?

outermost layer of skin

What are the special cells that the epidermis contains?

keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhan's cells, Merkel cells

What do kerinocytes do?

produce the protein keratin (waterproof, strength, & maintains healthy skin)

What do melanocytes do?

produce melanin (skin pigment)

What do Langerhan's cells do?

immunity

What do Merkel cells do?

touch

What are epidermal ridges?

fingerprints & other lines

What is the function of fingerprints?

grip

What is the dermis?

center layer of skin

What does the dermis contain?

blood vessels, nerves, glands, hair folliclaes, & various receptors

What receptors does the dermis contain?

free nerve endings, Meissner's corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles

What is the function of free nerve endings in the dermis?

pain

What is the function of Meissner's corpuscles in the dermis?

touch

What is the function of Pacinian corpuscles in the dermis?

pressure

What is the hypodermis?

bottom layer of skin

What does the hypodermis contain?

adipose tissue

What is the function of hair?

protects from UV light, heat loss, & entry of foreign particles

What is the structure of hair (from top to bottom)?

shaft, root, cuticle, arrector pili muscles

What is the shaft?

visible portion of hair

What is the root?

below skin surface, anchors hair in hair follicle

What is the cuticle?

outer layer, kerantinized

What is the arrector pili muscle?

attached to each follicle, can pull hair up

What is the purpose of the arrector pili muscle?

appear larger when scared, prevent heat loss (traps air, gives another layer to heat loss??)

What are the glands in the skin?

sebaceous glands, sweat glands, ceruminous glands

What do sebaceaous glands do?

secrete oil to prevent dehydration

What do sweat glands do?

regulate body temperature

How do sweat glands regulate body temperature?

some stimulated during emotional response

What do the ceruminous glands do?

secrete wax in ear

What are nails?

tightly packed, hard, keratinized cells

What is the purpose of nails?

to protect sensitive fingertips

What is osteology?

study of bone

What are the 6 functions of bone?

support body framework, protection of internal organs, movement, mineral storage & release, production of blood cells, store energy

Which internal organs do bones protect?

heart, lungs, brain

How do bones allow for movement?

provides surface area for muscle attachment

Which minerals are stored and released in bones?

calcium & phosphorous

What are the parts of general bone anatomy?

epiphyses, diaphysis, marrow cavity, spongy bone, compact bone

What are epiphyses?

ends of bone

What is the diaphysis?

shaft of bone

What is the purpose of the marrow cavity?

fat storage (yellow marrow)

Where is the spongy bone located?

in epiphyses --> where blood cells form (red marrow)

What is compact bone & what is its purpose?

smooth & condensed for strength, has rings called haversian systems

What is ossification?

bone formation

What is osteoporosis?

porous bone, loss of too much calcium decreases bone mass making bones brittle

What are bone fractures?

breaks in bone

What is a partial/incomplete fracture?

not all the way through bone

What is a complete fracture?

all the way through bone

What is a compound fracture?

(type of complete fracture) bone breaks through skin

What is a pathological fracture?

break caused by disease

What is a comminuted fracture?

shattered

What is orthopedics?

branch of medicine the deals with skeletal system

What are the parts on bones?

condyle, epicondyle, head & neck, fossa, foramen, foramina, process, tubercle

What is a condyle?

articulating (joining) surface

What is an epicondyle?

outside condyle

What is a fossa?

indentation in bone

What is a foramen?

hole in bone

What are foramina?

many holes in bone

What is a process?

projection

What is a tubercle?

bump on bone

What is the axial skeleton?

central skeleton, on body axis

What does the axial skeleton contain?

skull, vertebral column, hyoid, ribs, sternum

What is the appendicular skeleton?

attaches to axial skeleton via pectoral & pelvic girdle

What appendage attaches to the pectoral girdle?

arms

What appendage attaches to the pelvic girdle?

legs

How many bones are in the skull?

22

What is the purpose of the cranial bones?

enclose brain

What are the cranial bones?

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, etc.

What are the facial bones?

Zygomatic, maxilla, nasal, etc.

What are sutures?

immovable joints between cranial bones

Why are sutures super strong?

to protect the brain

What are fossae in the skull?

indentations where brain fits

What is a fontanel?

soft spot on baby's skull

What is the purpose of a fontanel?

so head can fit through birth canal

What are the auditory ossicles?

3 ear bones, hammer, anvil, stirrup

What are orbits?

eye sockets

What is the hyoid bone?

supports tongue (only bone that does not articulate (join) with another bone)

What is the purpose of the vertebral column?

protects spinal cord, flexible

What are the cervical vertebrae?

7 neck bones

Why do the cervical vertebrae have the largest vetebral foramen?

largest part of spinal cord

What is the atlas?

1st cervical vertebra

Where did the atlas get its name?

from the greek myth of atlas, who holds up the world (the atlas holds up your head/ your world)

What is the axis?

2nd cervical vertebra (dens process --> allows pivoting)

What are the thoracic vertebrae?

12 vertebrae, connect with ribs

Why do the thoracic vertebrae have the largest spinous process?

muscle attachment

What are the lumbar vertebrae?

5 vertebrae in lower back

Why do the lumbar vertebrae have the largest centrum (body)?

supporting more weight

What is the sacrum?

5 fused vertebrae

Why are the vertebrae of the sacrum fused?

greater support & strength

What is the coccyx?

4 fused vertebrae, tail

What direction do males' and females' coccyges point? Why?

females point posterior, males point anterior, for childbirth

What bones make up the sternum?

manubrium, body, xiphoid process, costal notches

How many ribs are there?

12 pairs (24)

What are floating ribs?

don't attach anteriorly to sternum

What are the parts of a rib?

head, sternal extremity, tubercle, costal groove