Chapter 9-Cellular Respiration & Fermentation

Look at Pt1 in notes for full diagrams! Look at pt 2 in

Life requires e-

Energy

Metabolic pathways harvest ( ) from high energy molecules, such as ( )

Energy

Glucose

( ) is the energy currency of the cell

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

What are the types of potential energies important for cells?

-Chemical bonds

-Electrochemical gradients

-Energy in Electrons

The bonds in ( ) are used to generate ATP

Glucose

The bonds in glucose are used to generate ATP, this occurs through a series of ( ) reactions

Redox (reduction-oxidation)

Much of the energy released in redox reactions is used to make ( )

ATP

Cellular respiration is a ( ) that uses glucose to produce ( )

Metabolic process

ATP

( ) energy is stored as ATP

Chemical

Energy must be converted to a ( ) form

Usable

Energy (from food) is stored in the ( ) bonds of ATP

Phosphate

Many ( ) reactions take place to make ATP

Redox

Energy is ( ) when ATP is converted to ADP

Released

Phosphate groups on a ATP molecules are named what?

1-Alpha

2-Beta

3-Gamma

( ) phosphate group has a high energy bond

Terminal

When phosphate breaks off ATP, the reaction releases ( ) and ( )

Energy

Inorganic phosphate

How much Delta G is released when Phosphate molecule breaks off ATP? And if its negative why?

-7.3 kcal/mol

Negative because energy is released into its surrounding and thus is losing free energy

( ) is the process that recharges ( ) into ATP

Cellular respiration

ADP

ADP can be ‘recharged’ into ATP again via ( ) reaction

Condensation

What is phosphorylation?

The attachment of a phosphate group to a molecule or ion

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

Type of phosphorylation in which a phosphate group is transferred from a substrate to ADP

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

Type of phosphorylation which uses the energy released from the electron transport chain to generate ATP

When does substrate-level phosphorylation occur?

Glycolysis and citric acid cycle

Substrate-level phosphorylation is the direct ( ) of a phosphate group from an ( ) to ADP

Organic substrate

What is reaction intermediates?

A molecule produced in a multi step reaction that is consumed right after to ultimately get the final product.

During substrate-level phosphorylation, phosphates come from reaction ( )

Intermediates

Why does oxidative phosphorylation have “oxidative”?

Because the overall process involves oxygen

When does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

During chemiosmosis

What is chemiosmosis?

The process of moving ions to the other side of a membrane

A majority of ATP is berated though which phosphorylation?

Oxidative phosphorylation

During oxidative phosphorylation, inorganic phosphate is added to ADP to make ATP via ( )

Proton-motive force

What is proton-motive force?

The force that promotes movement of protons across membranes downhill the electrochemical potential

During ( ) reactions an electron loses energy as it moves from a less electronegative atom towards a more electronegative atom

Oxidation-Reduction (redox)

( ) is loss of electrons

( ) is gain of electrons

Oxidation

Reduction

In a ( ) reaction electrons gain energy

In a ( ) reaction electrons lose energy

Reduction

Oxidation

Cellular respiration is a ( ) process

Redox

Cellular respiration is a ( ) reaction, large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules

Catabolic

Glucose is being broken down into ( ) molecules into order to produce ATP

Intermediate

Do other metabolic pathways interact with cellular respiration?

Yes

Cellular respiration is a set of ( ) reactions used to make ( )

Redox

ATP

There are how any steps are in cellular respiration?

Four

Carbon in glucose is ( ) during cellular respiration

Oxidized

What is the first step of cellular respiration?

Glycolysis-breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate

What is the second step of cellular respiration?

Pyruvate oxidation-conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA

What is the third step of cellular respiration?

Citric acid cycle-NADH and FADH2 production

What is the last step of cellular respiration?

Electron Transport & oxidative phosphorylation-Establish and use proton gradient to produce ATP

Where does the first step of cellular respiration occur?

Cytosol of eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Where does the second and third step of cellular respiration occur?

Matrix of mitochondria or cytosol of prokaryotes

Where does the last level of cellular respiration occur?

Inner membrane of mitochondria or plasma membrane of prokaryotes

NADH and FADH2 are ( ) carriers

Electron

( ) carriers are energy carriers

Electron

What is glycolysis?

The breakdown of glucose, releasing energy and pyruvic acid

The first half of glycolysis is the energy ( ) phase; ( ) are invested

Input

2 ATP

Glycolysis is 10 reactions that occur in the ( ) of the cell

Cytoplasm

The last half of glycolysis is the energy ( ) phase; ( ) and ( ) are made

Output

2 NADH

4 ATP

How many key points are there to cellular respiration?

Three

Glycolysis starts by ( ) ATP in the energy investment phase; reaction(s) ( )

using two

1-5

During the energy ( ) phase (reactions 6-10), NADH is made, and ATP is produced by ( )

payoff

substrate-level phosphorylation

The net yield of glycolysis is what?

Two NADH

Two ATP

Two pyruvate

Pyruvate continues into the next step in cellular respiration called ( )

pyruvate oxidation

Pyruvate oxidizes into ( )

Acetyl CoA

Pyruvate is oxidized in the ( ) in eukaryotes through a series of reactions

mitochondrial matrix

One of pyruvate’s carbon is ( ) into CO2 by pyruvate dehydrogenase and ( ) is produced

oxidized

NADH

The remaining two-carbon units in pyruvate is attached to ( ) producing ( )

Coenzyme A

Acetyl CoA

Acetyl CoA produced by ( ) of pyruvate enters the ( ) cycle which occurs in the ( )

oxidation

citric acid

mitochondria matrix

Why is the citric acid considered a cycle?

because oxaloacetate is regenerated at the end of process to bind more acetyl CoA

During the citric acid cycle, ( ) binds to ( ) to form ( )

Acetyl CoA

oxaloacetate

citrate

What is oxaloacetate?

Oxaloacetate is an intermediate of the citric acid cycle

( ) steps of the citric acid cycle

8

What are the first 4 steps of the citric acid cycle?

-Acetyl-CoA added to oxaloacetate to from citrate

-Isomerization via removal/addition of water

-redox forming NADH and CO2

-Redox forming NADH and CO2

What are the last 4 steps of the citric acid cycle?

-Coenzyme A displacement and transfer of phosphate

-redox forming FADH2 (NO CO2)

-Isomerization

-Redox forming NADH (NO CO2) and reforming oxaloacetate

Free energy ( ) as glucose is oxidized

changes

By the end of the ( ) glucose has been completely oxidized

citric acid cycle

By the end of the citric acid cycle ( ) and ( ) have been reduced

NAD+

FAD+

Final step in cellular respiration is ( ) and ( )

The electron transport chain

Chemiosmosis

By the end of the CAC most of glucose’s original energy is contain in the ( ) transferred to ( ) and ( )

electrons

NADH

FADH2

At the end of the CAC, very ( ) ATP made

little

Glucose is completely oxidized into ( )

CO2

What is isomerization?

The transformation of a molecule into a different isomer

What is an isomer?

molecules with the same molecular formulas, but different arrangements of atoms

Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis occurs across the ( )

Mitochondrial inner membrane

What is the electron transport chain?

A group of molecules imbedded in the inner membrane of the the mitochondria responsible for oxidizing NADH and FADH2

The ETC is organized into four ( ), I-IV

Protein complexes

( ) and ( ) transfer electrons between complexes in the ETC

Q

Cytochrome C

At the end of the ETC, ( ) electrons are passed to ( ), along with protons and ( ) is formed

Low-energy

Oxygen

Water

( ) reactions in ETC create proton gradient in the ( )

Redox

Inter membrane space

In the ETC, ( ) and ( ) are oxidized as they give up electrons to the ETC

NADH

FADH2

In the ETC, the energy from redox reactions is used to pump protons from the ( ) into the ( )

Inter membrane space

Mitochondrial matrix

In the ETC, most of the chemical energy from glucose is now accounted for by a ( )

Proton electrochemical gradient

Oxygen is an electron ( )

Acceptor

In complex IV of the ETC, electrons that passed through the ETC are accepted from ( ) to form ( )

O2

H2O

In the complex IV of the ETC, ( ) is oxidized H2O is ( )

O2

Reduced

The proton-motive force couples electron transport to ( )

ATP synthesis

The movement of protons (H+) ( ) their concentration gradient through ( ) fuels the addition of a phosphate group to ( ) making ATP

Down

ATP synthase

ADP

The energy to produce ATP comes from a ( ) which was created via a series of ( ) reactions

Proton gradient

Redox

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

The movement of protons though chemiosmosis through the use an ATP synthase, which joins ADP and phosphate. Thus creating ATP through a proton gradient

Oxidative phosphorylation is analogous to a ( )

Hydroelectric Dam

The majority of ATP is produced via ( )

Oxidative phosphorylation

There are serveral ( ) that target the ETC

Poisons

What’s one of the poisons that targets the ETC?

Cyanide