PSY105 exam 2

chp 5,7,8,9

sex

biologically influenced characteristics of males, females, and intersex people

gender

behavioral characteristics of being a man, woman, girl, boy, nonbinary person, etc

intersex

possessing male and female biological sexual and/or reproductive characteristics

men

Typical violent aggression is most commonly shown by …

competitive, more “loner” personality

some characteristics of a violent aggressive person

women

Relational aggression is most commonly shown by…

small groups of friends, more intimate bonds

some characteristics of a relational aggressive person

spermarche

first male ejaculation

menarche

first female period

role

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

gender role

a set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for males or for females

gender identity

one’s personal sense of being male, female, or some combination of the two

androgyny

displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characters

social learning theory

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

social learning theory

bandura bobo doll study was what kind of theory?

cis

displaying gender correspondence with birth assigned sex

trans

refers to people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth-assigned sex

asexuality

not being sexually attracted to people (could still want a relationship!)

paraphilias

atypical sexual tendencies that recur

learning

the process of acquiring new information and behaviors through experimentation

associative learning

learning that two events occur together

stimulus

produces a response of sorts

respondent behavior

how one reacts to specific stimuli

operant behavior

behavior that seemingly has no stimuli, “random”

classical conditioning

the process of learning to respond to a previously neutral stimulus with a conditioned response

the bell in pavlov’s experiment

whats an example of a neutral stimulus?

the dogs drooling in the beginning of the experiment when pavlov fed them

whats an example of an unconditioned stimulus?

conditioned stimulus

when the unconditioned and neutral stimulus become one

pavlov’s dogs drooling at the sound of a bell

what is an example of a conditioned response

extinction

when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus. the CR will cease to occur

spontaneous recovery

the “random” remembrance of a previously learned behavior

discrimmination

the ability for one to tell the difference between several different, yet similar stimuli

generalization

the ‘stereotyping’ of a reaction to several similar kinds of stimuli, responding similarly to several kinds of stimuli

generalizing his reaction to several kinds of things

what did little Albert end up doing after the initial learning?

fur coat, santa mask, rabbit

what was little Albert scared of at the end of the experiment?

true (a great example is exposure therapy!)

T/F- you can treat phobias/ create phobias with classical conditioning

operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

positive reinforcement

adding something to continue a behavior

giving students a sticker when they get above a 90 on a test

whats an example of positive reinforcement?

negative reinforcement

taking away something uncomfortable/aversive to continue the behavior

the obnoxious seat belt beeping only turns off when you buckle your seatbelt

whats an example of negative reinforcement?

positive punishment

adding something aversive/uncomfortable to try to stop a behavior

spritzing cali with water when she attempts to jump on the table

whats an example of a positive punishment?

negative punishment

taking away something in order to stop a behavior (withdrawing a rewarding stimulus)

taking away a teen’s car keys for a week when they stay out past curfew

whats an example of a negative punishment?

shaping

reinforcement that guides a behavior towards closer approximations of the behavior, praising things that are close to the desired behavior to try to get the desired behavior to eventually happen

a schedule

what does all reinforcement need to avoid becoming extinct?

variable interval

after varying time periods

fixed interval

after a specific time period

fixed ratio

after a set amount of responses

variable ratio

after an unpredictable number of responses

punishment

any consequence that decreases the frequency of the preceding behavior

suppressed- this temporary state of suppression may negatively reinforce parents’ punishing behaviors

is punished behavior forgotten or suppressed?

NOT physical punishment

what replaces unwanted behavior?

punishment

what teaches discrimination among certain situations?

a child stops swearing in front of their parents but continues to swear around friends

what is an example of punishment teaching discrimination?

false!

T/F- punishment cannot teach fear

may increase aggression and violent acts by modeling violence as a way to cope with problems

what are some downsides of physical punishment?

observational learning

someone watches a behavior, more generalized in repeating it

modeling

someone attempts to repeat a behavior, more specific

observational learning-watching someone else, more generalized because you aren’t actively doing it

modeling- attempting to repeat a behavior, more specific because you’re actively trying to replicate it

what are the differences between modeling and observational learning?

memory

the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

-recall the information into your conscious memory

-recognize information as previously learned

-relearning information more easily the second time

what are the retention measures?

recall

retrieving information that is not in your conscious awareness but was learned at an earlier time

fill in the blank exams

whats an example of recall?

recognition

identifying items previously learned

multiple choice tests

what’s an example of recognition?

relearning

learning something more quickly when you learn it a second (or later) time

encoding

getting information into the brain

storage

retaining information for longer periods of itme

retrieval

getting information back out of memory storage at a later period of time (like inside out movie)

working memory

short term memories combine with long term memories, stressing active processing

explicit memory

the retention of facts and experiences that we consciously know and “declare” (used to be called declarative memory)

episodic and semantic

what kinds of memory is explicit memory associated with?

implicit memory

the retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection (formerly knwon as non-declarative)

automatic and procedural

what kinds of memory is implicit memory associated with?

automatic processing

method of cognition not requiring any effort

effortful processing

method of cognition requiring effort

mnemonics

memory aides that most often use vivid imagery

PEMDAS- Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally (for order of operations in math)

what are some examples of mnemonics?

spacing effect

spacing out studying is more successful than cramming

chunking

organizing items into familiar, manageable units (often happens automatically)

remembering phone numbers in three different chunks

what is an example of chunking?

testing effect

testing oneself on materials is better for retention than just reading is

semantic memory

memory for facts and general knowledge

episodic memory

memory of personally experienced events

semantic and episodic

what are the 2 kinds of conscious memory systems?

semantic

Remembering the name of your first date is an example of which kind of conscious memory?

episodic

remembering what happened on your first date is an example of which kind of conscious memory?

priming

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory, occurs without conscious awareness (memoryless memory)

mood congruent memory

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s mood (good/bad)

encoding specificity principle

the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it

misinformation effect

when a person’s memory of an event becomes less accurate due to information received post-experience

the phrasing of the question asked (smashed vs bumped)

what was the variable in the Loftus study?

using mnemonics and rehearsing repeatedly

what are 2 ways you can improve your memory?

cognition

all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

metacognition

keeping track of and evaluating our own mental processes, “thinking about thinking”

concept

mental grouping of similar events, objects, ideas,, or people- simplifies thinking

prototype

mental image or best example of a cateogory (concept)

oak is to tree

prototype is to concept as ….. is to …..