Chapter 8 Female Reproductive System

ovaries

Almond-shaped organs located in the pelvic cavity; form and store egg cells (ova)and produce the hormones estrogen and progesterone

uterine tubes

Pair of tubes attached to the uterus that provide a passageway for the ovum to move from the ovary to the uterus (also called fallopian tubes)

uterus

Pear-sized and shaped muscular organ that lies in the pelvic cavity, except during pregnancy when it enlarges and extends up into the abdominal cavity. Its functions are menstruation, pregnancy, and labor.

endometrium

Inner lining of the uterus

myometrium

Muscular middle layer of the uterus

perimetrium

Outer protective layer of the uterus that secretes watery serous fluid to reduce friction (also called uterine serosa)

corpus

large central portion of the uterus

fundus

Rounded upper portion

cervix

Narrow lower portion of the uterus

vulva

external genitals of the female, including the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, urinary meatus, and vaginal opening 

perineum

pelvic floor in both the male and female. In females it refers to the area between the vaginal opening and the anus

Mammary papilla

breast nipple

areola

pigmented area around the breast nipple

cervic/o

cervix

trachel/o

cervix

colp/o

vagina

vagin/o

vagina

endometri/o

endometrium

episi/o

vulva

vulv/o

vulva

gynec/o

woman

hyster/o

uterus

metr/o

uterus

mamm/o

breast

mast/o

breast

men/o

menstruation

oophor/o

ovary

pelv/o

pelvis, pelvic bones, pelvic cavity

perine/o

perineum

salping/o

uterine tube (fallopian tube)

peri-

surrounding (outer)

-clesis

surgical closure

-salpinx

uterine tube (fallopian tube)

-rrhaphy

suturing

endometriosis

abdnormal condition of the endometrium

endometritis

inflammation of the endometrium

hematosalpinx

blood in the uterine tube

hydr/o/salpinx

water in the uterine tube

pyosalpinx

pus in the uterine tube

salpingocele

hernia of the uterine tube

salpingitis

inflammation of the uterine tube

vaginitis

inflammation of the vagina

amenorrhea

absence of mentrual flow

dysmenorrhea

painful menstrual flow

menorrhagia

excessive bleeding at menstruation

oligomenorrhea

scanty menstrual flow

menometrorrhagia

excessive bleeding from the uterus at menstruation (and between mentrual cycles; heavy irregular bleeding)

metrorrhagia

excessive bleeding from the uterus

cervicitis

inflammation of the cervix

mastitis

inflammation of the breast

myometritis

inflammation of the uterine muscle

oophoritis

inflammation of the ovary

Adenomyosis

Growth of endometrium into the muscular portion of the uterus

Breast cancer

Malignant tumor of the breast

Cervical Cancer

Malignant tumor of the cervix, which progresses from cervical dysplasia to carcinoma. Its cause is linked to human papillomavirus infection.

Endometrial Cancer

Malignant tumor of the endometrium (also called uterine cancer).

Fibrocystic breast changes

Fibrosis, benign cysts, and pain or tenderness in one or both breast; thought to be caused by monthly hormonal changes.

Ovarian Cancer

Malignant tumor of ovary

Uterovaginal prolapse

Dropping of the uterus (and sometimes vagina) due to weakened pelvic muscles

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

Inflammation of some or all of the female pelvic organs; If untreated  infection may spread upward and result in infertility and, in acute cases, fatal septicemia

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

Condition typically characterized by hormonal imbalances, ovulatory dysfunction, and multiple ovarian cysts ; symptoms can include irregular menstruation, acne, excess facial/body hair, and infertility. Increased risk of cardiovascular disease, obesity and glucose intolerance

Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)

Severe illness characterized by high fever, rash, vomiting, diarrhea, and myalgia, followed by hypotension and, in severe cases, shock and death; usually affects menstruating women using tampons caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes

Uterine Fibroid

Benign tumor of the uterine muscles

Vaginal Fistula

Abnormal opening between the vagina and another organ, such as the urinary bladder, colon, or rectum

colpoplasty

surgical repair of the vagina

mammoplasty

surgical repair of the breast

colpoperineorrhaphy

suturering of the vagina and the perineum

colporrhaphy

suturing the vagina wall

episiorrhapy

suturing of (a tear in) the vulva

perineorrhaphy

suturing of (a tear in) the perineum

hysteropexy

surgical fixation of the uterus

mastopexy

surgical fixation of the breast

hysterectomy

excision of the uterus

mastectomy

surgical removal of the breast

oophorectomy

excision of the ovary

salpingectomy

excision of the uterine tube

vulvectomy

excison of the vulva

colpoclesis

Surgical closure of the vagina

hymenotomy

Incision into the hymen

salpingostomy

Creation of an artificial opening in the uterine tube (performed to restore patency)

Total Hysterectomy

excision of the entire utuerus, including the cervix can be performed abdominally, vaginally, or laparoscopically

Subtotal Hysterectomy

(also called supracervical hysterectomy)

Excision of the upper part of the uterus leaving the cervix in place; can be performed abdominally or laparoscopically

Radical Hysterectomy

Excision of the entire uterus, upper portion of the vagina, and surrounding tissues; performed abdominally.

Anterior and posterior colporrhaphy (A&P repair)

Surgical repair of a  weakened vaginal wall to correct a cystocele (protrusion of the bladder against the anterior wall of the vagina) and a rectocele (protrusion of the rectum against the posterior wall of the vagina)

Conization

Surgical removal of a cone-shaped area of the cervix; used in the treatment for noninvasive cervical cancer.

Dilation and Curettage (D&C)

Surgical procedure to widen the cervix and remove contents from the uterus using a curette, an instrument for scraping or suctioning; the procedure can be diagnostic or therapeutic

Endometrial Ablation

Procedure to destroy or remove the endometrium by use of laser, electrical, or thermal energy; used to treat abdominal uterine bleeding

UAE –Uterine Artery Embolization

: Placement of small gelatin beads into uterine arteries to stop blood flow supplying the uterine fibroids or to stop severe hemorrhage after childbirth

Tubal Ligation

also called tubal sterilization and female surgical sterilization) is surgical closure of the Fallopian tubes ; tubes may be cut and tied (ligated), cut and cauterized, or closed off with a clip, clamp, ring, or band

 

Radical mastectomy

(also called Halsted mastectomy)

Removal of breast tissue, nipple, lymph nodes, and underlying chest wall muscles

Simple mastectomy

(also called total mastectomy)

Removal of breast tissue and nipple

Lumpectomy

(also called partial mastectomy or breast conserving surgery)

Removal of the cancerous lesion along with a margin of surrounding healthy breast tissue

Mammography /Mammogram

Radiographic imaging of the breast (also called digital mammography when images are obtained electronically and viewed on a computer)

Colpo/scope

Instrument used for visual examination of the vagina

Colp/oscopy

visual examination with magnified view of vagina and cervix

Hystero/scope

Instrument used for visual examination of the uterus (uterine cavity)

Hyster/oscopy

Visual examination of the uterus (uterine cavity)

Pelviscopic

Pertaining to visual examination of the pelvic cavity (female reproductive organs)

Pelviscopy (also called gynecologic laparoscopy)

Visual examination of the pelvic cavity (female reproductive organs)

CA-125 test

Blood test primarily used to monitor treatment for ovarian cancer and to detect recurrence one treatment is complete.