Language of Medicine: Digestion (chapter 5)

absorption

passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream

amino acids

small building blocks of protein (like links in a chain), released when proteins are digested

amylase

enzyme secreted by the pancreas to digest starch

anus

terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body

appendix

blind pouch hanging from the cecum (in the right lower quadrant). It literally means hanging on to.

bile

digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It breaks up (emulsifies) large fat globules; composed of pigments, cholesterol, and salts

bilirubin

pigment released by the liver in bile

bowel

intestine

canine teeth

pointed, dog-like teeth next to the incisors; also called cuspids or eyeteeth

cecum

first part of the large intestine

colon

large intestine, consisting of the cecum; the ascending, transverse, and descending segments of the colon; and the rectum.

common bile duct

Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum. Also call the choledochus.

defecation

elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anus

deglutition

swallowing

dentin

the primary material found in teeth; it is covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root

digestion

breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms

duodenum

first part of the small intestine; measures 12 inches long

elimination

act of removal of materials from the body; in the digestive system, the removal of indigestible materials as feces

emulsification

physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules, thereby increasing the surface area that enzymes can use to digest the fat

enamel

hard, outermost layer of a tooth

enzyme

a chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances. digestive \______ break down complex foods to simpler substances.

esophagus

tube connecting the throat to the stomach.

fatty acids

substances produced when fats are digested

feces

solid wastes; stool

gallbladder

small sac under the liver; stores bile.

glucose

simple sugar

glycogen

starch; glucose is stored in the form of \________ in liver cells

hydrochloric acid

substance produced by the stomach; necessary for digestion of food

ileum

third part of the small intestine

incisor

one of four front teeth in the dental arch

insulin

hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas; transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver

jejunum

second part of the small intestine

lipase

pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats

liver

a large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen; secretes bile, stores sugar, iron, and vitamins, produces blood proteins, and destroys worn-out red blood cells. weighs between 2.5-3 lbs

lower esophageal sphincter

ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach also called the cardiac \_______

mastication

chewing

molar teeth

the sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch.

premolar teeth

the fourth and fifth teeth before the molars

palate

roof of the mouth. the hard \_______ lies anterior to the soft palate and is supported by the upper jawbone (maxilla). The soft \_______ is the posterior fleshy part between the mouth and throat.

pancreas

organ under the stomach; produces insulin (for transport of sugar into cells) and enzymes (for digestion of foods)

papillae

small elevations on the tongue; a nipple-like elevation

parotid gland

salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear

peristalsis

rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs. in the gastrointestinal tract, \______ moves the contents through at different rates

pharynx

throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth and for air from the nose

portal vein

large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines

protease

enzyme that digests protein

pulp

soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels

pyloric sphincter

ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum. It is normally closed, but opens when a wave of peristalsis passes over it.

pylorus

distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum

rectum

last section of the large intestine, connection the end of the colon and the anus

rugae

ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach

saliva

digestive juice produced by salivary glands

salivary glands

parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands

sigmoid colon

fourth and last, S-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum; empties into the rectum

sphincter

circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening

stomach

muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus. the part's are the fundus (proximal section), body (middle section), and antrum (distal section)

triglycerides

fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids, and one part glycerol

uvula

soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate

villi

microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream

an/o

anus (root)

append/o

appendix (root)

appendic/o

appendix (root)

bucc/o

cheek (root)

cec/o

cecum (root)

celi/o

belly, abdomen (root)

cheil/o

lip (root)

cholecyst/o

gallbladder (root)

choledoch/o

common bile duct (root)

col/o

colon, large intestine (root)

colon/o

colon (root)

dent/i

tooth (root)

duoden/o

duodenum (root)

enter/o

intestines, usually small intestine (root)

esophag/o

esophagus (root)

faci/o

face (root)

gastr/o

stomach (root)

gingiv/o

gums (root)

gloss/o

tongue (root)

hepat/o

liver (root)

ile/o

ileum (root)

jejun/o

jejunum (root)

labi/o

lip (root)

lapar/o

abdomen (root)

lingu/o

tongue (root)

mandibul/o

lower jaw, mandible (root)

odont/o

tooth (root)

or/o

mouth (root)

palat/o

palate (root)

pancreat/o

pancreas (root)

peritone/o

peritoneum (root)

pharyng/o

throat (root)

proct/o

anus and rectum (root)

pylor/o

pyloric sphincter (root)

rect/o

rectum (root)

sialaden/o

salivary gland (root)

sigmoid/o

sigmoid colon (root)

stomat/o

mouth (root)

uvul/o

uvula (root)

amyl/o

starch (root)

bil/i

gall, bile (root)